Strategic Plan Part I - Organizational Structure Essay Example for Free

strategical Plan Part I Organizational Structure EssayThe context around which a company is organized, the keystones that keep a business functioning is it structure. Organizational structure is what tells participants how an organization is placed together. More importantly, it is how an organization works. The structure of an organization is how leaders argon chosen, decisions are made and how participants are recognized. Health supervise organizations will develop long and short term growth through the evaluation of future financial and operational goals ( strategical planning). The process of strategic planning is essential when implementing order or change in an otherwise unpredictable environment. The OrganizationFor this multi-week assignment, the Augusta plow maternal quality Center will be utilize to evaluate the different components of the strategic planning process. An organization will develop a vision, mission and values for strategic direction. An organization s vision is where it wants to be if the mission is successful and conveyed appropriately. The mission is an organizations reason for existence. The mission according to Hunger Wheelen (2011) promotes a sense of shared expectations in employees and communicates a public image to important stakeholder groups in the companys designate environment (p. 6). The values of an organization should encompass its core competencies. Value can drive the figure of organizational planners. According to Harris (2007), Guiding principles serve as a platform to nurture desired behaviors in the organization (p. 102). The mission, vision and values are maneuver principles the managers and employees will not compromise while they are in the process of achieving the mission and pursuing the vision and strategic goals Mission and VisionThe Augusta Care Pregnancy Center (ACPC), a non-profit organization, was created to share the good news of delivery boy Christ with all they come in contactwith. The vi sion of ACPC is to strive to rescind a standard showing Gods concern for mothers and their unborn babies (Augusta Care Pregnancy Center (ACPC), 2015, About Us). break ValuesThe organizations key values are to purview each person, from the unborn to the aged, as created in the image of God. In addition, to offer a variety of services to women who are facing the challenges of an unplanned pregnancy, those who desire manikin of a wanted pregnancy and to offer temporary financial throw.Strategic Planning Model of chosen OrganizationIn most organizations, there is no perfect strategic planning model or process to adhere to in the same manner all the time. Every organization should customize the best(p) approach to suit the purpose of planning, the culture of its associates and internal and external opportunities. Fundamentally, an organization will consider three types of schema business, functional and corporate.Business StrategyWith the business strategy splendor on improvement of the competitive position of a corporation crossings or services in a specific industry or mart segment are served by the business unit. Business strategies are composed of competitive and cooperative strategies (Hunger Wheelen, 2011, p. 7).Functional StrategyThis approach is used in marketing or research and development, to attain company objectives and strategies through maximizing resource efficiency. The functional strategy model is more concerned with developing and nurturing an organizations competitive advantage. incarnate StrategyHunger Wheelen (2011) a companys overall direction in terms of its general attitude toward growth and the vigilance of its various businesses and product lines describes corporate strategy (p. 7). Corporate strategy is made up of directional and parenting strategy as well as portfolio analysis. The strategy employed by ACPC cannot be determined at this time. Since this organization is an extension of Health Allied overhauls, nec, further res earch must be taken to properly identify the strategy cosmosimplemented by ACPC. ACPC organization primarily operates in the Health and Allied Services, nec business / industry within the Health Services sector. This organization has been run for approximately 7 years. Augusta Care Pregnancy Center is estimated to generate $340,000 in annual revenues, and employs approximately 8 people at this single view (Buzzfile Media, 2015, Business description).Theoretical FrameworkA system can be defined as a perceived whole whose elements hung together because they continually impact each other over time and operate toward a common purpose (Swayne, Duncan Ginter, 2008, p. 23). Systems theory can have a significant effect on management science and understanding organizations. The complex, embedded and dynamic nature of modern organizations requires a systemic approach to strategic management. There are two master(prenominal) contributions to a systems approach in strategic management (1) To impart guidance on which strategic planning approaches to use when and also on how to view them as a complementary set that is capable of being used in a flexible way to address all aspects of the strategic managerial task and (2) to provide a range of methodologies that can be put in service of the strategic planning process (Gregory, n. d., p. 9).The effect of systems theory in management is it helps managers to look at the organization from a broader perspective The Role of ACPC Organizations Mission, Vision, and Values in Relationship to Strategic Plan ACPC is a Christian ministry was created for sharing the good news about Jesus Christ. Their focus is to ensure women make good decisions in their everyday lives on topics like pregnancy, avoiding ill-use, sexual abuse and etcetera. The first goal of ACPC is to share the news of Jesus Christ. Secondly to guide or direct the women seeking their services in the righteous path of Jesus Christ and what he has promised like the sa nctity of marriage or healthy relationships. ACPC also focus on providing mothers of unplanned pregnancy resources available to them.The Current Key Leaders of ACPCCurrently the ACPC has only 8 employees in the Augusta, GA location. The contact person overseeing operations is Susan Swanson (Director). ACPC is one of numerous companies employed under the Health and confederative services, nec category.Change Management Model ACPC UseFrom the information gathered on ACPC, I could not foresee any change management models used by this facility. I have requested an interview with Susan Swanson to further develop this topic. The interview is scheduled for the following week. The Governing Board Involvement in Implementing Strategic Goals To determine the involvement of the governing board for ACPC further investigation is needed into Health and Allied Services, nec business and industry. The Organizations Major Service Delivery and Support Activities in its Value Chain The ACPC looks to o ffer a variety of services to women. Usually, these women are facing the challenge of an unplanned pregnancy, those who desire abidance of a wanted pregnancy and to offer temporary financial support. In addition to these services, ACPC offers Bible study classes, healthy relationship classes, parenting classes, post abortion support groups, and host of other support classes.ReferencesAugusta Care Pregnancy Center. (2015). About us. Retrieved from http//www.augustacpc.org Buzzfile Media. (2015). Augusta Care Pregnancy Center. Retrieved from http//www.buzzfile.com Gregory, A. J. (n. d.). A systems approach to strategic management. Retrieved from http//journals.isss.org Harris, P. (2007). We the people The importance of employees in the process of building the customer experience. The Journal of Brand Management, 15(2), p. 102-114. Hunger, J. D., Wheelen, T. L. (2011). Essentials of strategic management (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education. Swayne, L. E., Duncan, W. J. , Ginter, P. M. (2008). Strategic management of health care organizations (6th ed.). Hobkin, NJ Wiley.

Terrorism and Intelligence Failures Essay Example for Free

Terrorism and Intelligence Failures EssayTerrorism by dictionary definition is described as the unlawful use or terrorened use of force or violence by a person or an organized aggroup against pile or property with the tendency of intimidating or coercing societies or governments, often for ideological or semi policy-making reasons. Terrorism comes from decades of histories of deep national pride, religious disputes and what is seen as an intrusion upon Islamic sanctum sanctorum grounds. Terrorist groups try to gain influence and advocator in order to affect semi governmental change on either a local or an outside(a) level. They make this possible through and through the publicity and fear that is generated by their violent acts. Throughout history terrorist groups have ca utilize much devastation and damage, leaving a Brobdingnagian impact on the world. Terrorism is one of the pass bying problems in todays society. The terrorist attack against the unify States, on Se ptember 11th, 2011, clearly demonstrated the power and strength that terrorist groups possess.The causes of these acts come from the instability, oppression, poverty and political alienation that the citizens of many Islamic-Arab nations face. As a result, the people of Afghanistan and many other Arab nations have generated a deep disgust for the United States going back over a hundred years. The Ameri house government and comprehension agencies, such as the Central Intelligence Agency, now wager harder than ever to prevent such horrifying acts of terrorism from re occurring, since they failed in the prevention of 9/11. Terrorism is a complex problem Its origins be divers(a) and those who engage in it, even more so (Reich, 1). The actions of terrorist groups, as intumesce as terrorists as individuals, are complex. One must recognize that there is not totally a single explanation for the act of terrorism.The subject is very intricate and involves a huge diversity of causes an d reasons that aid in the explanation and grounds of terrorism. In the book, Origins of Terrorism, Walter Reich examines the psychologies, ideologies, theologies, and the resigns of mind of terrorists in an attempt to better understand the realms of terrorism. Reich does not only work with terrorism studies itself but instead works at heart the realms of political science, Islam, history and social psychology to gain a more well rounded understanding of terrorism. Through recognizing the knowledge of these realms, Reich and other scholars state this information can contribute to the understanding of the ways in which terrorists view the world and behave in it. Terrorism can be explained as an appearance of political strategy. Meaning that terrorist behavior is a resulting choice made by an organization for specific strategic reasons.These organizations are very radical political groups that determine that terrorism is the best course of action in accomplishing their political g oals. The practitioners of terrorism often claim that they had no choice but terrorism, and it is indeed accredited that terrorism often follows the failure of other methods (Reich, 10). Failure to mobilize support from mess halles, lacking of utilization of military power, time constraints and unrealistic expectations cause radical political organizations to turn to terrorism. By choosing terrorism, group members and leaders, willingly accept the risks of challenging the government. The origin of terrorism is as old as humans willingness to affect politics through the use of violent acts. Terrorism dates back to first-century Palestine when a Jewish group fought and murdered the Romans and their collaborators who ruled over them. Terrorism went on to be sort as a modern phenomenon.In the twentieth century terrorism was associated with the Italian Red Brigades, the Irish Republican army, the Palestine Liberation Organization and Pervs shining paths among many others. Terrorism mo ved away from being based on state action and moved further into a larger case of attack against existing political orders. The result of this was due to the growing amount of ethnic nationalism within countries. Groups with strong ethnic nationalism were forming throughout the inherent world. Then in the late 1960s international terrorism became a prominent issue. Terrorism progressed from random killings to massive plans of attacks. Hijacking and onslaught had become the elevate and popular methods of attack. Organized groups had specific political goals that they carried out through theatrical, symbolic acts of violence. As the twenty-first century came around terrorism started becoming very conscientiously motivated.Groups like root, Hamas and Hezbollah come to mind as they justify their acts of violence on Islamic grounds. Terrorism was now not only being used for political reasons but for religious reasons as well. Religiously motivated terrorist groups are the most alar ming terrorist threats in todays world. The rise of Islamic radicalism and combativeness began during the 1970s in the Middle East region of the world. Islamist terrorism is based on the notion that U.S. foreign policy has killed, oppressed and harmed Muslims throughout the Middle East. This belief resulted in a tense relationship between the West and the Arab and Muslim nations, creating a great amongst the Statesn society. Osama bin pie-eyed was the founder of the most well known Islamic militant organizations called Al-Qaeda. His goal was to remove and end American military presence in the Middle East and Arabian Peninsula, end American support for Israel, return East Timor and Kashmir to Muslim rule and overthrow any Arab regimes that he considered corrupt and insufficiently religious.Al-Qaeda is the most innovative and dangerous terrorist group that has ever existed according the American government and all other countries that have been victims of terrorist acts. It has been known to engage in suicide attacks, kidnappings, hijackings and recruiting new members through the Internet. Al-Qaedas operating network consists of a multinational, stateless army, and a radical Sunni Muslim movement calling for Jihad. Jihad is an important religious duty of Muslims that involves the protection and retentiveness of the Islamic faith. In the book, The Age of Sacred Terror, authors Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon provides essendial insight into the thinking of bin Laden and his followers. Benjamin and Simon talks or so bin Ladens first televised interview with Peter Arnett in March 1997. During his interview he complained and stated, the truth is that the whole Muslim world is the victim of international terrorism, engineered by America at the United Nations. We are a nation whose sacred symbols have been looted and whose wealth and resources have been plundered. stash away Laden continued to state, If their people do not wish to be harmed inside their very own c ountries, they should seek to elect governments that are truly representative of them and that can protect their interests (Benjamin, 147). Bin Laden gave the people of America a clear warning that he is planning an attack and a war against them. Osama bin Laden issued and write his minute fatwa on February 23, 1998, as the leader of Al-Qaeda. A fatwa is a good pronouncement in Islam, issued by a religious law specialist on a specific issue. Through the issue of bin Ladens fatwa, he gave the USA an indictment on the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq and the Middle East. He blames America for occupying lands of Islam and interpose in Middle Eastern affairs. Bin Ladens goal was to get rid of any Americans getting in the way of his radical Sunni movement. By issuing his second fatwa, bin Laden declared was on the West and Israel.Al-Qaeda also released a video later that year declaring war on the United States and the West as well. After bin Laden had declared war, bombings were carried out o n US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. There was also an attempted bombing of Los Angeles International Airport and then the USS Cole bombing occurred in October 2000. On September 11, 2001, Al-Qaeda attacked the United States once again. This attack not only low American ideologies, but also took away the feelings of security that had taken hundreds of years to build. To plan and successfully execute the September 11th attacks, Al-Qaeda terrorists worked for years within the United States using Islamic organizations to coordinate and build their networks. In the book, American Jihad, Steven Emerson tells the story of the terrorists who sought to destroy the United States from the inside. Emerson states, Operating in our open society, with immunity of speech and assembly and with only casual oversight from the FBI, the CIA, and the Immigration and Naturalization Service, the worldwide network of militant Islamic organizations has finally been able to coordinate (Emerson, 3).The hu mor that terrorists were working within the United States seemed unimaginable, but the attacks of 9/11 proved that it was possible. Bin Laden organized and set up a network of cells in Tucson, Arizona Brooklyn, New York Orlando, Florida Dallas, Texas Santa Clara, California Columbia, Missouri and Herndon, Virginia. He understood that if he recruited U.S. citizens it would help him in his terrorist efforts because they would be allowed to travel freely throughout the world. By having an American passport his followers would not be detected or questioned whether they were a part of or members of a terrorist group. Bin Laden made efforts to recruit United States citizens in order to utilize the American citizens for travel throughout the Western world to deliver messages and engage in financial transactions for the benefit of Al-Qaeda and its affiliated groups and to help carry out operations (Emerson, 153).Bin Laden was obviously successful in his attack on America, which demonstrated not only to Americans, but also to the rest of the world what great threat terrorism can be to humanity. The success of terrorism depends on the existence of a mass media, which will create and spread the feeling of fear throughout the world. As a result, the attacks of September 11, threw America into a full waged war against terrorism. Military efforts were sent to abroad to Afghanistan and the Bush judiciary increased domestic efforts in order to prevent future attacks. New ideas and reforms needed to be put in place. American citizens did not understand why the CIA, the biggest intelligence agency in the world, could not prevent such a large scaled terrorist attack from happening. The CIA was designed to assign the dots. Yet it failed to penetrate sufficiently with human intelligence agents or to fathom analytically with sufficient clarity the Al-Qaeda 9/11 conspiracy that lead to the slaughter of some 3000 individuals on U.S. stigma (Russell, 18).The terrorists that intelli gence must uncover and track are inert objects they are living, conniving strategists. They, too, fail frequently and are sometimes caught before they can strike (Hoge, 146). The intelligence system failed and in order to understand this failure one must understand that the strategic determination of intelligence in decision making of foreign policy has been a neglected field of study. The outrage of the intelligence failure forced the Bush administration to fall to political pressure. The administration accepted the 9/11 Commissions recommendation to the create DNI post. This post was to serve as the presidents chief intelligence advisor and oversee the entire intelligence community, including the CIA. The root cause of the failed penetration of Al-Qaedas 9/11 plot, by the CIA, has to do with their failure to marshal the resources that work against Al-Qaeda, which were corresponding with the threat.The CIA did provide the president with a strategic warning about the attacks but it would have been much better if they had attack to the Al-Qaeda related information that the FBI had collected. The CIA has also failed to produce spies that are needed to reveal the plans and intentions of Americas enemies. The focus should be put on what can be done to improve intelligence rather than recap evidence of what the CIA did and did not do. Spending more money on intelligence agencies will not necessarily improve American security. Intelligence could be improved by the collection of more important information, the building up of human intelligence throughout the world and recruiting more and better spies. If the American government wants to protect its citizens, property, liberty and interests from attacks of terrorist groups then dramatic reforms need to happen. These reforms would hopefully give the president access to the oppositeness plans and tactics.The systematic failures of American strategic intelligence and the CIA since its inception have been obscured by t he political and emotional impulse to examine each and every incident of intelligence failure in isolation and not to put them together into a larger context with other intelligence failures that shared the same root causes (Russell, 27). Nonetheless, America was in an overall agreement that changes in the American intelligence systems were necessary. The United States Department of Homeland security was created in November 2002 as a new footlocker level agency. This department was responsible for the reorganization of the U.S. federal government. Government bureaucracies dealing with military functions and security were also reorganized. In October 2001, the USA Patriot act was signed into effect reducing the restrictions on law enforcement agencies ability to look to medical, financial, telephone, e-mail communications and other records.It also eased the restrictions on gathering foreign intelligence within the United States. The Patriot act also gave the Secretary of the Treasu ry more authority to closely regulate financial transactions, involving foreign persons. Immigration administration and law enforcement could now detain and deport immigrants that were suspected of being affiliated with acts of terrorism more easily. Author Richard K. Betts suggested, The National surety Agency (NSA), the National imaginativeness and Mapping Agency (NIMA), and associated organizations can increase technical collection satellite and aerial reconnaissance, signals intelligence, communications monitoring by buying more platforms, devices, and personnel to make them (Hoge, 148). A Terrorist Finance Tracking Program was actually created to in order to monitor the movements of terrorists financial resources. However, the New York Times newspaper leaked this information, which ended the project.The National Security Agency instead set up an electronic surveillance program that studied telecommunication use by suspected and known terrorists. All the laws and reforms th at distant restrictions on governmental authority are notionally good for the overall prevention and protection against terrorism. In certain perspectives the removal of governmental restrictions is advantageous to American security. However, political interest groups have stated that because these new laws remove restrictions on governmental authority, they violate the civil liberties of the American citizens. The American Civil Liberties Union filed the first legal challenge against the Patriot Act. It claimed that the Patriot act violates the rights of the First Amendment, Fourth Amendment and the right to due process. It is a violation because the Patriot act grants the government the right to search a persons private property without having to inform them that they are being investigated. Former President Bush stated that the Patriot Act helped confidence trick more than two hundred suspects of being involved with acts of terrorism.On the other hand, the figures of the Justic e Department show that there have been complaints of abuse of the Act from about 7000 people. The real question one must ask oneself is if the governments unknown investigations are worth the price of freedom and protection from terrorism. The deaths of 3,000 people on American soil at hands of a ruthless adversary along with the CIAs profound misreading of Iraqs weapons of mass destruction (WMD) capabilities are the latest and greatest and in a long string of U.S. intelligence failures (Russell, 149). The United States government has heavily concentrated on improving intelligence through bureaucratic approaches. fleck the war on terrorism became a huge challenge for the United States. The terrorist attacks of 9/11 caused enormous devastation and damage to all the citizens of America.September 11 will never be forgotten as it has left a huge impact on the world. Al-Qaeda is a very serious threat to the United States but there will most likely be many more in the next generations t o come. The United States needs to rectify the square(a) shortcomings in human intelligence collection operations if it is to deal successfully with issues of war and peace in the future (Russell, 168). The protection of America is in the hands of the government and the intelligence agencies. Terrorism will not end on its own, therefore Americans need to be prepared for what the future has to bring. Terrorism has been around for centuries and will probably always be around. The question is how to handle it and keep it in check. There will always be extremists working against the governments in the world.

Strengths and weaknesses in sampling

Strengths and weaknesses in impinge on inFirstly, it is essential to understand a stress, and its purpose. A prove can be defined as a section of a cosmos who ar selected to be participants in a study. The specific selection of participants is chosen to give an overall deputation of the whole commonwealth. Due to a variety of factors, particularly money and time constraints, it is not always workable to study the faultless creation, with the smack taking a understandable amount time, that when the sample if complete, the selective information acquired may no longer be representative of the population. As a extend a sample is conducted, weighed to be part of the population which is observed. (Cochran, 1977)Without sufficient forms of sample, generalising with a respectable degree of accuracy is unachievable. There are 2 figures of try, non- hit-or-miss and haphazard, and this sampling is dependent upon the notion of unsystematic selection. The basic principles den ote that in order to provide generalisations related to unique population, the characteristics of the sample must reflect the characteristics of the unique population that has participated in the sample. Thus, a sample can be understood as a miniature population. The only correct alternative would be to select the entire population to take part in the sample. Whilst there are scenarios where this could be achieved, it is highly unlikely that this could be achieved, but for the population being small enough.When conducting a sample, many a(prenominal) see a direct relationship between the overall accuracy of the sample and the population utilise to create the sample. Consequently, several plenty will consider a sample to be more accurate when the population used within the sample is greater. This is not necessarily true, as a sample of 100,000 people will not be 10 times as accurate as a sample with a population of 10,000. When conducting a sample, it is essential to consider a v ariety of factors when calculating the size of the sample that will be used. For simulation, the cost of the sample, the time duration of the sample, and the size of the population that will be used in order to obtain relevant information and the level of sampling error that will occur once the results of the sample are complete.However, using a larger population when conducting a sample leads to less sampling error, also known as standard error. Therefore, this simply insinuates that the larger the sample, the smaller the error. As a result, those chosen for national samples and national surveys are assiduously selected, resulting in specific samples of only 2,000-3,000. With participants for samples and surveys being specifically selected, the level of sampling error diminishes considerably except it is imperative to remember that sampling error can never be eliminated, irrespective of population size. (Barnett, 1991)Random sampling, also referred to as probability sampling, inv olves a type of haphazard selection which is responsible for choosing the element of the sample. Considerably more confidence can be found in hit-or-miss sampling compared to non- stochastic sampling. The main methods when conducting random sampling include cluster, simple random, stratified random and systematic. The selection procedure pick ups all(prenominal) element within the population has an equal, as well an independent stake of being selected to take part in the sample.The elements within a non-random sample are selected through non-random method. This has a detrimental effect on producing representative samples compared to random sampling. However, many look intoers still consume to use non-random samples when conducting their research. Their non-random samples are determined by the 3 main methods used within the sample convenience, purposive and quota.Random sampling construes that each and every member within the population has an equal and identical chance of bei ng included within a sample. Thus, many believe random sampling to be the easiest, fastest and simplest method in order to draw a sample from a population. When choosing random sampling to conduct research, it is essential to have a complete and full list of the population in order to select a completely random sample. (Jessen, 1978) However, this can be seen as very vexed to accomplish. Developing a thorough population list is considerably simpler when using a distinct and smaller population. Several researchers and those involved in conducting samples consider random sampling to be most beneficial, believing random sampling should be used as often as possible. This is very much due to random sampling highlighting authentic, realistic and reliable generalisations. For example, researchers would prefer to conduct a random sample of 100 people, rather than a non-random a sample of 1,000 people, and so highlighting random sampling as a general preference amongst those who are respo nsible for conducting samples. Accordingly the avails of using random sampling are that the population sample is only influenced by chance, ensuring the sample is fair, non-biased and non-discriminative. However, obtaining a list of the entire population is complicated, and as a result this can prevent entirely random sampling. (Wiley, 1992)The method of systematic sampling consists of two factors that will determine involvement in the sample, and they are chance and the system. This system can be described as the process of facilitating random selection within systematic sampling. For instance, when selecting a sample of 50 names from the population of 100, instead of random selection taking fix within the population to determine who takes part in the sample, a researcher may select every second name from within the population to take part in the sample. Systematic sampling can as similar to random sampling, unless a systematic bias is evident through the presentation of names o n the population list. However, it is very simple to avoid a systematic bias from occurring, through examining the list prior to conducting the sample, as well as communicating with those in charge of putting together the list, asking how the list was assembled. (Foreman, 1991)Quota sampling is a type of sampling that is frequently used in market research and in opinion polls. Those conducting the sample are given a quota of specified subjects to recruit. For example, when conducting a sample concerning favourite music, the interviewer might be asked to bring and select 10 adult females, 10 adult males, 10 teenage boys and 10 teenage girls. (Wiley, 1992) However, many imperfections exist when conducting a quota sample, with the simplest fault being that the sample is not random consequently this means that the sampling distributions of all and any statistics are unknown. The non-random sample is selected in a precise and specific manner in order to ensure that the known characteris tics cor answer with the overall population sample. When conducting a quota sample, it may be advantageous to set the quotas before the sample is selected in spite of this it is also possible to use quota sampling strategies spontaneously. Some researchers may feel that it is not beneficial to carry out research prior to conducting the sample as they are works with an intact group. As a result, the researcher may include questions concerning the characteristics of his respondents this is in addition to questions related to the outcome variables. The additional questions to those within the questionnaire should concentrate on the topics that are most expected to introduce biases. Once the data has been has been analysed, in order to validate that there are no obvious biases, the researcher could compare and tell the characteristics between the population and the sample. For example, a small association with a minor reckon may want to conduct a private investigation to find out the attitudes, opinion and viewpoints of British University students concerning alcohol and drug issues. Being realistic, the association will believe that the students will respond to the questions by giving socially suitable answers. Therefore, the organisation may hire a counsellor/researcher from a local University in order to meet the students, gradually build a pixilated rapport with the students, and this will result in the students feeling calm and comfortable around the counsellor/researcher, meaning they are considerably more likely to respond to questions with authentic, realistic and truthful answers. (Cochran, 1977) Planning prior to conducting a quota-sampling greatly minimises differences, ultimately leaving the researcher with more accurate and precise results. A significant advantage of using quota sampling is that it can be used when random sampling is impossible quota sampling is also a very simple process that is truehearted to carry out, and therefore an ideal for m of sampling when restricted by time constraints. However, within the quota sample, biases may still exist, with them being difficult to eliminate as they are not controlled by the quota sampling. (Kalton, 1983)Stratified sampling involves putting the members of the population into categories/groups. The advantages of using stratified sampling are that is focuses on the priority subpopulations, ignoring the less relevant subpopulations. Stratified sampling also allows the use of different sampling techniques for different subpopulations, this considerably improves the overall accuracy of the hypotheses and result, in addition to being a serviceable and valuable solution to sampling when the population is too large to use in one long list. However, the selection of relevant stratification of variables is difficult to achieve, with the data not permanently useful when there are no identical or similar categories/groups. Stratification sampling is also an expensive form of sampling a s it requires accurate information about the population that is being used, with the risk of biases being introduced due to there being errors within the measurements, or a defecate bias when the selection takes place. Stratified sampling can also be combined with other sampling techniques in order to achieve the most accurate results possible. (Barnett, 1991)Quota sampling and stratified have some very clear similarities. Both specify the number of subjects that are to be included within the sample establish on selected characteristics. The function of quota sampling is to ensure the sample gives an accurate, genuine and realistic representation of the population regarding important characteristics that have been put into place prior to the sample being conducted. This is achieved through subjects with specific characteristics that have been placed into sub-categories containing similar populations. Stratified sampling can be seen to take place in order to ensure adequate and ampl e numbers for sub-analysis once the sample has been concluded. (Foreman, 1991)Many respected organisations and researchers are forced to rely and use non-random sampling due to random sampling being difficult to accomplish. Non-random sampling can be clearly justified if it is highly unlikely, or impossible, to conduct a truly random sample. As a result of these difficulties, the organisations and researchers are most likely to resort to conducting a quota sample or stratified sample. (Kalton, 1983)Cluster sampling involves the population being divided into groups, or clusters. The researchers involved randomly select the clusters to be included in the sample, with each element being assigned to one group solely. Providing the size of the sample is day-and-night across all the sampling methods, cluster sampling does not provide as much accuracy as other sampling methods, namely random sampling and stratified sampling. Thus, it is logical for people to ask, when conducting a sample, why use cluster sampling? With the answer being when using a limited budget to conduct the sample, the researcher(s) will be able to use a bigger sample using the cluster sampling method, with the increased size of the sample compensating for and counteracting the dearth of precision. Therefore, when on a limited budget for a sample, cluster sampling may be seen as the most appropriate and suitable method to use. (Jessen, 1978) thingamabob samples are conducted through the researcher, at their own convenience and discretion, choosing whether to make a valid attempt to ensure the sample is an accurate representation of the general population. An example of this is the researcher standing in a public area, for instance a shopping centre, and choosing who to stop and ask question and/or fill out a survey. Therefore convenience sampling is a form of non-random sampling, meaning the data obtained is inconsistent and does not give an accurate representation of the whole population. Whil st it is difficult to generalize the results of a convenience sample, they can still be informative, although not used by many to gain information and statistics. (Wiley, 1992)When choosing a sampling method, it is essential to choose the method that most effectively links the particular goals involved. Budget can greatly affect the sampling method chosen, therefore it is important to ensure the sample is as accurate and precise as possible, identifying the types of sampling method that will bring the best results, achieving the goals set prior to sample being conducted. Therefore, it is not possible to choose an outstanding sampling method, as each method is dependant on a variety of factor, as mentioned before such as budget, population size and time constraints. It is the responsibility of the researcher to pick the best method, studied to the sample in order to illustrate a fair and realistic representation of the population.BibliographyBarnett, V. 1991. Sample Survey Principle s and Methods. Edward Arnold, London, 173pp.Cochran, W.G. 1977. Sampling Techniques, third edition. John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 428pp.Foreman, E.K. 1991. Survey Sampling Principles. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY.Jessen, R.J. 1978. Statistical Survey Techniques. John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York.Kalton, G. 1983. institution to Survey Sampling. Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences 35, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, CA, 96pp.Levy, P.S. and S. Lemeshow. 1991. Sampling of Populations Methods and Applications. John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 420pp.Thompson, S.K. 1992. Sampling. John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 343pp.

A Business Analysis Of Canon Inc Business Essay

A Business Analysis Of law Inc Business Essay principle Inc. A Japan based company which was founded in August 10, 1937 in Japan and the headquarters is based in Ohta-ku, Tokyo. Chairman CEO of the company is Fujio Mitarai and the chairman COO of the company is Tsuneji Uchida. The common stock of the company as of 31st declination 2008 was 174,762 Million (Yen) and the number of employees employed in canon is 25,412 as of December 31st 2008.Net Sales of the company was 2,721,094 Million Yen (Non-consolidated) and 4,094,161 Million Yen (Consolidated). It has generated a Net Income of 224,135 Million Yen (non-consolidated) and 309,148 Million Yen (consolidated), and the so-so(predicate) profit was 359,086 Million Yen as of 2008 December. The total Assets of the company was 3,969,934 Million Yen.In 1933 they have started the business in a very small apartment and within a simple room in Tokyo. High worth cameras were coming from Europe widely held from Germany. Their aim was to p roduce soaring excellence Japanese cameras in a small room with the young people.History of the CompanyCanon Inc A Japan based company is a organizer in customer imaging tools, professional and in information structure. Canon is star of the top providers to consumers, organization digital solutions business-business. Canon USA its p arnt touring company which ranked third as a top patent proprietor from the overall in US in 2008. In Fortune Magazine it has listed in the fourth place as a Worlds Largely Accepted companies in 2009. In canon they care as caring is very important to exists as one in harmony.The history begins with the innovative strength to make the best cameras in the world. Canon continuous started growing under the leading business plan. It has launched many products which no had seen ever. It had as well as improved unprecendented technologies in order to create chance in different products which no other company has created. If they postulate to run the company in long run they need to improve its financial structure, RD and also to introduce new business.Products of CanonIt has a wide variety of products which includes.CamerasInkjetCopying machinesLaser reflect printersSemiconductor-manufacturing equipmentVideo equipment.Main MarketsCanon operates its business across different countries spherically.The main markets in which Canon operates business areJapanAmericaEuropeAfricaAsiaOceania. spot ServicesMain Technologies of CanonDreams come true with technology, it makes impossible things to possible with the intent of technology to carry on successfully in the global market. Canon go baded hard to improve and to buy new technologies that direct the era. A single innovation leads towards a beginning of innovative technology. In the handle of inventing new technologies lies its bulletproof position through a vision determined the future and also the loyalty to unusual technologies. The core technologies of Canon areImage CaptureInkjet create PrintersElectrophotographyExposure EquipmentCompact Digital CamerasDisplaysSLR CamerasScannersDigital Video CamerasLaser Beam PrintersScanners etcStrategic AllianceStrategic Alliance is defined as while 2 or additional companies are adhere mutually for a particular time they usually not in straight antagonism, entirely they have comparable to(predicate) goods or services which are focussed towards the identical aim spectators.Alliance means Collaboration among groups to produce enhanced grades to gain from business deal. Strategic bond certificate is a most important structure of business strategies, it is a joint venture between different firms whereby capital, competence ability are combined unneurotic to follow common interest.Strategic Alliances could be prepared in wide range of ways based on the reason or function. There are three fundamental types of alliances they areEquity Strategic AllianceNon Equity Strategic AllianceJoint VenturesStrategic Alliances facilit ate industry to increase hawkish benefit throughout admission to a associate capital as well as markets, people technologies. Several fast growing technologies industries make use of Strategic Alliances to good starting from additional reputable means of allotment. Competition increases when global markets get united, small size companies requires more more inventive with those companies whom they want to support themselves to enter into the market.Forecasting for a Thriving AllianceBefore going into strategical alliance, sufficient consideration to be positioned behind the formation of the kindred and particulars of how those will be directed. You need to follow the planning serve upDescribe likely result from association.Describe an article fundamentals provided by the party and the advantage to a winning alliance brings.Describe the results which are most helpful for the business which will cost the alliance and describe the structure.Defend the companys rights to mutual a greements and limitations at the time of moving proprietary information.Identify the fundamentals of how to operate.Examples of Strategic AllianceEnergetic group of associations or credit mergers play a vital utilisation as strategic alliances increase if worldwide contributors of technical support are dynamic across the country, they can encourage they make use of worldwide standards and also innovative products are the strategic alliances examples.Successful strategic shares information by the providers of goods and services which ember the importance in structuring alliances through financial organisations. Flourishing strategic alliance practice and persuade experimentation as this is a very advance approach to services and rural finance, all the institutions cannot be conscious well-nigh the importance, advantages, options risk which survive inside strategic alliance.Long term procurement contractsCanon have been endeavour for involvement in global prosperity as well as to be mankind as a beyond doubt global company for achieving this goal, they are putting every effort to underwrite the growth by improving selling and producing useful goods. For satisfying consumer wants procurement distribution working very hard with important suppliers and to increase the eminence of suppliers and shine the cost by obtaining materials of best quality in a low price on a timely basis in a global point.StakeholdersPeople who will be affect by a try and can influence it? But who are not directly involved with doing the work? In theprivate sector People who are affected by any action taken by Canon Company.In 2008 the 306 million this profit are got by selling photo copy machines, printers, cameras only on UK markets. That the canon company mainly depended on their customers that the customers are looking Areas tailored to take of graphic arts consumersRepresenting is largely wide-ranging canon collection until now consisting the initial global platform of its image runner progress expert gentle invention seriesInnovative leap cross media drive motivates printers to obtain their dealing in innovative directionsSuppliersThat the Canon Companies main credit suppliers based on heir porches due to that they cannot influence to the company as they needed as well as they contribute on less percentage to the all the process of the company because in 2008 that the Canon company get material 37 million so it should be a less portion to the all process of the company.ShareholdersThe canon company is multinational company there for that the numbers of shareholders may be impossible to calculate but we can assets it through the takeover but we can describe it by using take over 1st week on March that takeover of the canon company was 9.5 million. When we look at this should explain us this can be influence more to the company as well as it should highly effected to the companies decisions because that the total assets of the companies should be a 31.1 mi llion.GovernmentThe canon company pay tax to the UK government its approximately 3.4 million in 2008. According to this they that the total profit of the company is 9.3 million. When we consider it fit in to the percentage it takes 30% approx so that the government highly influence to the companys activities and government going to increase fuel price to the all the companies this will be affected to this companies activities

Difference Between Data Warehousing And Data Mining Information Technology Essay

Difference Between entropy entrepot And selective randomness digging Information Technology EssayThe information systems (IS) field is ground of key development after part be called information w areho moderate in infobase environtment. Different brasss receiving variant signifi fuckt returns than others because its benefits are plentiful. The organization will have dissimilar types of returns in the impact of info devastatehousing . Each compevery croup be tie the benefit to the way in which it conforms to the framework as it shows in the analysis . We will converge how dan organization can be transformed by selective information store, Analysis as well showing the explaination of differences in impact. A erect manufacturing political party (LMC) involving case study of information warehousing, a financial services company (FSC) are presented and discussed within the context of the framework and the Internal Revenue Service.Keywords flat modelling Conceptual m odelling Time-series information warehouses Data- exploitIntroductionData warehouses are becoming part of the technology. Data warehouses are used to consolidate info turn up in disparate databases. A data warehouse stores large quantities of data by specific categories so it can be more easily retrieved, interpreted, and grouped by drug users. Warehouses enable executives and managers to work with vast stores of transactional or other data to respond faster to merchandises and make more informed rail line decisions. It has been predicted that every business will have a data warehouse within ten years. But merely storing data in a data warehouse does a company little skillful. Companies will want to learn more about that data to improve knowledge of customers and markets. The company benefits when meaningful trends and patterns are extracted from the data. Data dig, or knowledge uncovering, is the computer-assisted process of digging through and analyzing enormous sets of data and then extracting the meaning of the data. Data mining tools predict behaviors and future trends, allowing businesses to make proactive, knowledge-driven decisions. Data mining tools can answer business questions that traditionally were too sentence consuming to resolve. They scour databases for hidden patterns, finding predictive information that experts may miss because it lies remote their expectations. Data mining derives its name from the similarities between searching for valuable information in a large database and mining a mountain for a vena of valuable ore. Both processes require either sifting through an immense amount of material, or intelligently probing it to find where the value resides.What is Data WarehousingData warehousing is a realiseion of decision support technologies that enable the knowledge worker, the statistician, the business manager and theexecutive in processing the information contained in a data warehouse meaningfully and make well informed decisions based on outputs.The Data warehousing system includes backend tools for extracting, cleaning and loading data from Online operation Processing (OLTP) Databases and historical repositories of data. It also consists of the Data storage areacomposed of the Data warehouse, the data marts and the Data store. It also provides for tools akin OLAP for organizing, partitioning and summarizing data in the data warehouse and data marts and finally contains front end tools for mining, quering, report on data. It is grand to distinguish between a Data warehouse and Data warehousing. A Data warehouse is a component of the data warehousing system. It is a facility that provides for a consolidated, flexible and accessible collection of datafor end user reporting and analysis. A data warehouse has been defined by Inmom (considered one of the founders of the Data warehouse concept) as a subject- point, integrated, time-varying, non-volatile collection of data that is primarily used in o rganizational decision making.The data in a data warehouse is categorized on the basis of the subject area and hence it is subject orientedUniversal naming conventions, measurements, classifications and so on used in the data warehouse, provide an enterprise consolidated view of data and therefore it is designated as integrated.The data once loaded can save be read. procedurers can non make changes to the data and this makes it non-volatile.Finally data is stored for long periods of time quantified in years and bears a time and date stamp and therefore it is described as time variant.The format of data collected are non always the same eventhough each of these systems collect data . So, the combination of all these data from all sorts sources that combined together to form a single data and the combination of database forming a single uniform form is what we called data warehousing. The data is not only subject-oriented and integrated but also time-variant and non-volatile colle ction of data to support oversight in making decision.1) Time-variantthat In order to make the reports that go in propotional with time , the data ware house that has been changed should be tracked and recorded.2) Non-volatileData warehouse is never deleted, so that data is read only and static and will be used for future reporting3) IntegratedData is consistence and is representing all operational system.Data management and data retrieval are the proess that can define data warehousing. An organizations can integrate their various databases into data warehouses using process different capabilities and culturesThe idea of maintaining telephone exchange data is brought by data warehouse. Although the concept itself has been around for years, like data mining data warehousing, is a relatively new term.Data Warehouse imageThere are two different ways of Data Warehouse design Ralph Kimball and Bill Inmons model.In Inmons architecture, before data being transferred to the data marts, data from OLTP database is firstly stored in a warehouse. In Inmons model view,tThe data warehouse is a real database.Kimballs architecture using OLTP database shows that data is transferrefed directly to the data mart. base on the picture above, a collection of integrated data marts will form the data warehouse.What is Data archeological site?Data or knowledge encountery or generally called Data mining. It is the process of getting data from different resources and turn them into information that can be useful for organization One moral of tools to analyze is analyzing data using data mining software. Data from many different sources and with different uses and characters will be analyze by users. So, technically, data mining the process of finding correlations of fields in large relational databases.In general, data mining is the process of making data usefull after analyze it from different engaging of information environment and turn into vary kind of useful information. . Data from many different dimensions or angles can be analyzed by users and then be summarized into the relationships . On the other hand, the process of finding or different in data mining is not an easy process and do need different process and analyze.There are five major elements in data mining Data can be presented in represent or table and other formats.Data transaction is loaded onto the data warehouse system.Data is stored and managed in a multidimensional database system.Application software can be used to analyze and intrepenting dataInformation professinals especially who are involve in business world can access the provided data.Continuous variationThe technology is not new nowdays eventhough data mining is a quite new. Take this case for typeface, One Midwest grecory is using Oracle software to count and search about the buying patterns of local. It has been discovered that whenever men bought cigarettes on Saturdays and Thursdays, they also want to buy beer. Then it also showed that Saturday is the day when these shoppers typically did their weekly grocery. However, they only bought a few items on Saturdays. It is concluded by the retailer that the reason they purchased the beer is to have it for the weekends ahead.. Furthermore, they have to make sure that the price are full for cigarettes and beer on Thursdays.What can data mining do?Here are the focus among a costumers retail, financial, communication, and marketing organizations which are data mining that been used by a company especially for the basic data. Product, the condition of product and the day of business can be some internal factors for this. Other than that the perfomance on sales, customer rights satisfaction, also profits for organizations can also determined by companies. Finally, transactional data can be viewed with details from the summary information.The development of products and promotion is also important to hail to specific customer segments by getting demographic data from comments or even warranty cards provided by company. In order to transform provider relationships.Applications of Data MiningThe basic of data mining has been involved in many fields such as business, scientific research, banking sector and many more . All of these fields have been using data mining. Now its use is easier compare to what it was.. These tools can be used practically to carry out labyrinthine data mining techniques and get ease with it.. In order to do improve marketing field of and organization and try to understand its clients buying patterns, Data Mining is used by businesses. Data mining is used more widely than ever before because of expanding variety of tools and softwares in new era like it is today.. Intelligence agencies like FBI and CIA also use data mining for identifying terrorisms threats or even after the incident of 9/11 in America. It is authentically important to uncover terrorist plots. However the people concerned as data collected for such works will invade many peoples privacy.. Banking sector also using data mining for credit card chore detection and anything relation to credit card crime as what is happening now days. . It is also can reduce the risk of any credit card problem among their customers, especially to identify potetntial costumers and to state wether loan can be able to approve to any customers.Steps of Data MiningFrom the picture, we can see the step of data miningData Integration All the different sources contribute data which are collected and integrated.Data Selection We have to select data and make sure that it is usefull for data mining.Data Cleaning The data collected may not all correct and need to be checked again before being used to avoid data errors and uncertain problem.Data Transformation Eventhough the data has been cleaned, to have data ready for mining, we still have to do something and transform data into the right form so that mining process will not be any problem. Many techni ques can be used to complete data transformation suck as like smoothing, aggregation, normalization techniques.Data Mining Techniques like clustering and association analysis are used among the many different techniques used for data mining only when we are ready to apply data mining techniques on the data to discover the interesting patterns.Pattern Evaluation and Knowledge Presentation Transformation, visualization, removing redundant patterns are steps from the patterns we have generated.Decisions / Use of Discovered Knowledge. In order to make use of the knowledge which acquired to take better decisions, this step helps.Difference between Data Warehousing and Data MiningData warehousing can be define as the inntegration and combination of data from different sources and various of format into a single form or a single schema. Huge amount of data can be provided by data warehousing with a storage mechanism. Meanwhile, The Enterprise has been provided with a retention by Data War ehousing and intelligenge is provided by data mining . So, the discovery of useful patterns can be done using the of data mining techniques on the data warehouse.Data Mining ToolsIn order to build companys own custom mining solution, they have to purchase mining programs. This program is designed for quick software and hardware platforms and the program can be integrated into new products and systems. For example in order to give the mined data more value, the organization has to determine data mining output into another output such as ware house as a neural network which is verbalize quite common . This is because, , the data mining tool will gather the data if the other program makes decisions based on the data that has been collected.In the market place they are a lot of data minings that come in different model and tools or tecniques. Each with their own strengths and weaknesses. A right kind of data mining is really important to any organization because if the organization bu ys a wrong data mining and its nothing to do with their business goal, data mining will be useless. This is a really important consider especially for organizations which are going to expand.These three categories are the classification of most data mining toolsDashboards. Is used to monitor information in a database and is installed in computer, dashboards reflect updates onscreen and data changes always wether in charts or in tables so that the user can see how the business is performing and working.Traditional Data Mining Tools. Data mining programs will be used in organization and the subject of it will be securely seen.. In order to monitor the data and highlight trends and others capture information residing outside a database. You can even see some of thiese tools on the desktop.Text-mining Tools. The power to work as PDF and ability to analyze data and can be used in various kind of data processing from hard text to simple words. These tools can be used to scan content. T here are a lot of un organise scanned content for example information is scattered almost randomly across the document, audio or video data or internet based data or structured for example the datas form and purpose is known, we can say database content.. A wealth of information can be provided for organizations by capturing these inputs that can be mined to discover all kinds of concepts and trends or any other data processing in another environment.The Benefits of Data mining/ Data warehouse To Organization.By using Data warehouses business executives can look at the company as a whole unit. There must be reasons on spending so some(prenominal) money by many corporations to implement data instead of looking at an organization in terms of the departments that it comprises. . Data warehouses also use their ability to handle a lot of tasks in an organization involving many different departments. In order to make sure that every transaction will be made in certain time frame, the goo d transaction system will be set up by every organization The biggest problem with report and queries is the transaction can not be made in time frame and then will be late to be compiled. On top of that and in order to overcome the problem, many companies are working to come out with a good data warehouse and hopefully can be able to settle down any problems regarding transactions. Another benefit from data warehouse is the uses of data model for any queries regarding transactions and the outcome is really convincing..Models for queries are really important especially to come out with good reports. Eventhough transaction processing system doesnt really need this but the implementing of a good model can help the company. Anyway, wrong modeling methods can slow down the process of transactions. Eventhough transaction process has to be at speed by the server units, but at the same time, they will slow down the process of query.Queries of data can be made using data ware house and this is one of the reason why it is very efficient. Anyway, a big number of transaction system can lead to big transaction system. So, the company always has to get ready to come out with different data warehouse or even worse, different models of processing. The combination of every departments in a company is really important in order to overcome any problems regarding processing and transaction of data.The Benefits of Data MiningData mining allows companies to exploit information and use this to obtain competitiveadvantage.Data mining helps identify trends such aswhy customers buy certain productsideas for very direct marketingideas for shelf steadtraining of employees vs. employee retentionemployee benefits vs. employee retentionConclusionIn order to discover trends and patterns in temporary data, we use time-series analysis as a stiff technique . Not only their management is expensive but these data also are also low-level of abstraction. Two main problems are always been face b y most analyst. First, to clean of the huge amount of potentially-analysable data and second to correct the definition of the data-mining algorithms to be employed. Data warehouses has been proved to be a powerful repository of historical data since their appearance especially for data-mining . In addition, their modelling paradigm for example multidimensional modelling, is not any different to the problem domain. Anyway, a coherent conceptual modelling framework for data-mining assures is believed as a better and easier knowledge-discovery process on top rank of data warehouses.

Night :: essays research papers

Night Religion has always explained the unknown in knowable terms. It has created symbols for that which could not be known. This symbolic representation is so deeply imbedded in our minds, cultures, and cosmology that it is rarely questioned from inside the religious paradigms. From outside that paradigm, the religious imagery loses its impact, its subliminal meaning. Religion functions to relieve the anxiety of the tyrannical fact for each of us that we will die, that our family will die, that our friends will die. Religion promises us that although we may die, we will continue. And, if we believe, then our afterlife will be glorious. church property offers another perspective to this man-made solution. The spiritualistic belief is that of love for the fellow man instead of god hospitals instead of churches deeds done rather than prayers said. Spirituality, although bordering on atheism, contriveks to make and love, to find an ethical way of life rather than turning to a high er being for the easy way out. In "Night" by Elie Wiesel we see death of religion in a child because of absolute evil and consequently, the embrace of spirituality. Separated from man made institutions, the core of religion and spirituality must(prenominal) be preserved, if one is to survive in the midst of horror.     The Judaic religion was a key motivation to the citizens of Sighet. To Jews religion is not only a regularity to achieve immortality, but a way of life that must be holistically embraced. This all-consuming religion demands total obedience and is a key motivation in the Jewish deportation and personal surrender to Germany . Analyzing history, one sees the pattern of a Jewish nomad lifestyle ,so deep is their corporate trust, and moving on. "Night" is the first episode where this blind faith could not save them. Spawning from this failure of God is the genocide of millions at the hands of the Nazis. As young Eliezer visits Auschw itz and witnesses this genocide first hand, his blind faith is quickly revoked and in its place remains doubt, question and bitterness.     "Never shall I forget that night, the first night in camp, which has turned my life into one long night, seven time cursed and seven times sealed. Never shall I forget that smoke. Never shall I forget the little faces of the children, whose bodies I saw turned into a wreath of smoke beneath a silent blue sky.

Female Genital Mutilation Essay -- essays research papers fc

The pr stand forice of female genital mutilation, overly known as female circumcision, occurs throughout the world, but it is most common in Africa. young-bearing(prenominal) genital mutilation is a tradition and social custom to keep a young girl pure and a married woman faithful. In Africa it is right in the majority of the continent including Kenya, Nigeria, Mali, Upper Volta, Ivory Coast, Egypt, Mozambique and Sudan. It is a cross-cultural and cross-religious ritual, which is performed by Muslims, Coptic Christians, Protestants, Catholics and members of various indigenous groups.Female genital mutilation is usually performed on girls in the lead they reach puberty. It is a procedure where either part or the entire clitoris is surgically removed leaving a reduced or total lack of sexual feeling. This procedure is an attempt to reduce the sex drive of women, making them less likely to be sexually active before marriage or engage in extra-marital affairs. Although this procedur e can be seen as a means to control a womans sexuality, the act of female circumcision determines the gender identity of women. A circumcised woman is a virgin, ready for marriage and to bear children for her husband, Girls who are infibulated will probably not find husbands. In most cases they will become outcasts. Female genital mutilation is not a new practice. In fact circumcised females have been discovered among the mummies of ancient Egyptians. A Grecian papyrus dated 163 BC refers to operations performed on girls at the age they received their dowries. A Greek geographer reported the custom of circumcision of girls he found firearm visiting Egypt in 25 BC. In Africa female circumcision has been reported in at least twenty-six countries and can be viewed as a frequent health problem because of its wide geographic distribution, the number of females involved and the serious complications caused by the operation. Female genital mutilation is practiced in three major forms ha dith circumcision, Clitoridectomy, and Infibulation. Sunna circumcision consists of the removal of the tip of the clitoris and/or the prepuce (covering). Clitoridectomy, also referred to as excision, consists of the removal of the entire clitoris (both prepuce and glans) and removal of the adjacent labia. Infibulation, also referred to as phara... ...s, and aunts footsteps, which would bring shame against herself and tarnish her family honor.Female genital mutilation is such a brutal and barbaric practice that it is amazing it is still occurs today. The health hazards associated with it should be enough to have it terminated. However, the reasons women have forgoing through with the operation is the custom of female genital mutilation is so engrained in their sociocultural system. The importance of family honor, virginity, chastity, purity, marriageability, and childbearing in these societies cannot be overstressed. Therefore in the minds of the people who adhere to this belief, th e benefits gained from this operation for the girl and her family far outweigh any potential danger.Works CitedFemale Genital Mutilation. go for http//www.religioustolerance.org/fem_cirm.htmFemale Genital Mutilation Research Homepage. See http//www.hollyfield.org/fgm/Kouba, Leonard and Judith Muasher1985 Female Circumcision in Africa an Overview. African Studies Review 2895-110.Van Der Kwaak, Anke1992 Female Circumcision and Gender Identity A soi-disant Alliance? Social Science and Medicine 35(6)777-787.