Caribbean Integration Essay -- essays research papers

CARIBBEAN POLITICS and SOCIETYCaribbean Integration Rationale for Integration.The Caribbean remains fragmented both economically and politically as a result of competition and conflict among the European powers. Fragmentation is in part the product of a long history as separate colonies of a metropolitan power or powers. It is also in part the psychological effects on people of separation by sea.The suit of clothes for regional integration is both simple and irrefutable. First we are small and we need to achieve economies of scale. We need to achieve such economies in markets, production, the mobilisation of regional capital for regional use, university education, science and technology, sea and air transport to mention some areas.We therefore need to pool as far as is practicable our markets and our financial human and natural resources. We need a single unified and truly public market for goods and services, capital, and trained manpower. In addition we need to ordain not only the development of our productive sectors but also our economic policies. And we need both a common external tariff and a common set of external trade, economic and other policies.Very basically tack together, we must come closer together because even the more economically advanced and biggest of us are mere specks of dusts in international terms. To admit that we are specks of dust does not however mean that we should sink ourselves in passive apathy in economic and international matters rather we should get together to forma an object with more mass and more weight so that our presence could be more well seen and more effectively used in the promotion of our own interests. We are small states by world and even Hemispheric standards, we are economically and politically weak individual units. We must avoid the temptation if at any given time our individual national economy is more prosperous than those of our other partner states, to be so arrogant as to forget that our economic situation may be suddenly reversed and that therefore we will presently need close links with our partner states in matters concerning both the intra-regional and extra-regional spheres. West Indian history abounds with instances of countries suffering sudden reversals of their economic fortunes.Advantages of Integration.&61607a stronger voice internationally(a)&nbs... ...ess and Hurdles A European View, Kingston Kingston Publishers.West Indian Commission (1992) An Overview of the Report of the West Indian Commission Time for Action, Barbados West Indian Commission.Issues to Think aboutWhat are your reasons for Caribbean Integration.Is the integration process within CARICOM marred by cynicism, lack of political will and self-aggrandisement of the political directorate? detect with regard to the issues confronting the realisation of the CSME.What role can the OECS play in strengthening the Caribbean Community?Can the goal of integration be realised without the building of deposi t?What is the role of the ACS (Association of Caribbean States). Do you think the ACS will enhance or undermine CARICOM? Questions to Consider1.What God have divided no man can put together. Discuss in relation to Caribbean integration.2.Assess the approaches to integration in the region and consider what have been the main failures and benefits of the movement. What else needs to be done and wherefore?3.Should Commonwealth Caribbean countries politically integrate?

Latin American Change Essay -- Colonialism Spanish Latin American Essa

Over the course of the past half-millennium, the 33 countries that now comprise Latin America and the Caribbean have gone through drastic change. Since the discovery of the recent World in 1492, each country has gone through some level of colonization by a European power and transition to its current state. During this period the regions have seen political, societal, religious and economic transformations of various degrees. Nevertheless, many scholars argue that disregarding of the changes encountered, many are merely on the surface with little to no meaningful change instilled. A Variety of leaders have attempted to better their country by both conservative and liberal means. Despite these attempts, though, the underlying foundation of colonial ideals remains.The colonial period began with the discovery of Hispaniola by Christopher Columbus in 1492 and most Latin American countries gained their independence in the nineteenth century. The colonization of Latin America and the Ca ribbean was dominated by the Iberian countries with small colonies established by the French, English and Dutch. Regardless of the nationality of the colonizers, almost all of the colonies shared basic characteristics, which have persevered over time in some way or another. It is possible to align the traits of these colonies into four distinct categories economic development, religious and social mixing, racial and ethnic mixing and political structures. There were two basic industries found in the New World that shaped their economies agriculture and mining. Both of these required tremendous labor input to match the demand of continental Europe. Goods such as sugar, cotton, coffee, indigo, tobacco, silver and pig bed were produced and exported in great quantities. At a very early point in the development of the colonies it was understood that the European settlers werent willing to do the visible labor themselves instead African slaves were brought to the New World in order to work on the plantations. When the situation arose that African slaves didnt adapt to the conditions properly, Native Indians were agonistic to labor. This subjugation of Africans and the indigenous populations has had dramatic effects on society. As most regions emancipated the slaves sometime in the mid eighteenth century, a social gain developed where white elites at the top, mulatto landown... ...d of colonialism has permeated through every aspect of society leaving a legacy with recognizable origins and characteristics regardless of the changes instilled by any specific government. As revisions to the economy, political structure, racial and gender situation and national identity are made it is impossible to escape the similarities of the past. Only drastic, social upheaval can cause the type of change activists dream about. Maybe the Spanish inadvertently left a trait that has hindered growth across their history, the fantasy of Manana (tomorrow), thus putting important pol icy decisions for another day. We can find examples in the histories of these countries where significant change is found, but it never has a transmittable element allowing it to spread across the region, and it is rarely going to affect more then one aspect of society for any extended amount of time. Regardless, of the real results we have witnessed in the past, there is one constant a desire for improvement and the ever increasing number of leaders willing to take unpredictable steps to achieve these goals. As long as these characteristics remain, transitions to desired ideals will eventually occur.

Essay --

I believe that each and every child is unique and special in their own way. No twain children are the same, therefore their behavior give not be the same and the way they respond to guidance will not be the same. However, all children demand and deficiency to be treated with turn in and respect. How you treat at child from a very early age will create the foundations of their self-esteem and self-worth. Children need to know that they are cared about by their teachers and they also need to feel safe and secure when they are at their school. As an early educator, it is my responsibility to testify the rules of the classroom and continue to enforce them. I believe that if children are aware of the rules and know the appropriate way to treat one another from the very beginning, you will have a positive classroom environment with minimal misbehaving. I strongly believe that a child should never, under any circumstance, encounter emotional, verbal, or corporal abuse. They s hould, at all times, be treated with respect and kindness. I believe in positive guidance and discipline strategies, having a supportive physical environment that can guide childrens behavior, and learning about feelings, friends and that their teachers are bread and butter them. Positive discipline strategies begin with the adults behavior with legal limit setting and clearly communicating those limits to the child. They also include teaching more appropriate behavior such as, giving clues for the new behavior, giving choices, and supporting children in their new behavior. Positive guidance and discipline also include changing something about a situation, and ignoring behavior when it is fitting. Setting limits with children can be troublesome and time consuming. Doin... .... It is also very important to build a strong feeling vocabulary because emotions can be very hard to understand.As teachers all we want for our children is to be cared about, respected, and successful . Implementing the proper discipline strategies has a giant role in this. I cannot express enough how important it is to show your children respect and love while still showing them that there are rules and limits that they are to follow. How a child is treated at a young age affects them for the rest of their lives. As an early educator you are creating the foundations for that childs future. Using positive behavior strategies will help that child excel in academics and everyday life. indifference and abuse are never the answer there is always a positive and respectful way to handle any behavior situation. Children are humble humans, they deserve your best

The Stages of the Haulocost Essay -- Hitler, Genocide, Jewish, human ri

Just before the second Great War, 6 million Jews were killed along with 5 million non-Jews (Miss Belevski, 2008, The Holocaust, slide 2). This heinousness and genocide of Jewish population was widely known as The Holocaust. The man who led genocide was Adolph Hitler, the leader of the Nazis, a fascist party that took control during the German Depression in the 1920s. When Hitler came in power, one of his promises was to end the Question of the Jews. A series of steps of the Holocaust was the Stages of Isolation (Miss Belevski, 2008, Stages of Isolation Holocaust, p.1). This plan which was created by Hitler make millions die in vain. In 1935, the law of Nuremberg Race was decreed (Miss Belevski, 2008, Stages of Isolation Holocaust, p.2) this was the first step of the Stages of Isolation. With this new policy, Jewish people were stripped appear of their rights they were pulled out of schools, fired from work, and no longer held the title persons or a citizen of Germany. Step two was segregation. Jews were transported to ghettos and many died of starvation or disease.Step 3 and 4 were concentration camps and extermination, where the mass killings began. Jews were forced into concentration camps where they would work till they die. In order to take onward their identity and treat them as animals, they were not tot whollyyowed to commit hair or wear clothes. Many inhumane practices and terrifying stories happened in these deadly camps, such as laboratory experiments, human flesh purses, and the lady who swallowed her diamonds because that was all she had. Extermination killed millions of Jews, people who did not die from the concentration camps would be gassed in gas chambers, and mobile killing units were established to eliminate J... ...soners (Miss Belevski, 2008, The Holocaust, slide Cold warmth Facts). We learnt an important lesson from the Holocaust and now we must(prenominal) stand up and protest for what is justice and what we believe in. To ensure p eace and humanity in our world we must take action and be part of the solution. Problems in our world today, such as global warming, poverty cycle in Africa and the war in Iraq all relate to us and we must use our powers and strengths to help in anyway we can. We must not think like the countries during the 30s, these problems are not far away and they do concern us indirectly and directly. We must not blame God for what have happened. God was simply testing our abilities to protect and stand up for what is justice and humanity. We must learn from our lesson and stay united to ensure mistakes such as the Holocaust and other genocides will never occur again.

When Books were Burned Fahrenheit 451 Essay -- Government Literature C

The Time Books were Burned Fahrenheit 451The novel, Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury, is a science fiction novel that introduces a reality controlled by the government. Humans are not accepted in this new world. Television has replaced family. The community live the present through television. The firemen are seen as flamethrowers, the destroyers of record books. The citizenry living in this society have no reminders or memories of history or the past. In Fahrenheit 451, the society has a strict set of determine and beliefs. The government has constructed its own matrix for the people in the society to abide by. It is forbidden for books to be take up or seen. Books are not to be read they are to be destroyed without a question. Since the government has such a tight hold on society, the citizens have no clue as to what is contingency in their world. In Fahrenheit 451, the government has demanded that the harshest measures be put on books, which in this case is the burning of th e books. Books are considered to be evil because they make people question and think. In this world people believe that when books and new ideas are available to society, conflict and unhappiness take place. I believe that the government feels that by eliminating the world of conflict and controversy, that it will put an end to dispute and allows people to stay happy all the time. In Part One, The Hearth and the Salamander, Guy Montag is introduced as a thirty-year-old fireman in the twenty-fourth century. Montags role as a fireman is destroying all the books he finds along with the homes he finds them in. At first it was sweet for Montag to burn up books. At this point he believes he is happy. He is a smiling fireman. The smile, just like his burnt-corked face, is a m... ... are model citizens, in our own special way we walk the old tracks, we lie in the hills at night, and the city people permit us be. This group of people, instead of carrying books with them, they for each on e just memorize as many books as they can. The purpose is to one day, when the world is changed, to be able to re-copy the books once again into written form. Montag has changed dramatically end-to-end the novel. He is now able to think for himself, make his own decisions, and even tell people what to do, such as Faber. This is major change from the beginning of the book when Montag was nothing more then nave. He was only a timid machine of society. Bradbury promotes the idea in the novel that man should think for themselves, not let the government or television do their thinking for them. Work Cited Bradbury, Ray. Fahrenheit 451. New York Ballantine Books, 1953.

When Books were Burned Fahrenheit 451 Essay -- Government Literature C

The Time Books were Burned Fahrenheit(postnominal) 451The novel, Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury, is a science fiction novel that introduces a world controlled by the government. Humans are not accepted in this new world. Television has replaced family. The heap operate the present through television. The firemen are seen as flamethrowers, the destroyers of books. The people living in this society have no reminders or memories of history or the past. In Fahrenheit 451, the society has a strict set of values and beliefs. The government has constructed its own matrix for the people in the society to abide by. It is forbidden for books to be accept or seen. Books are not to be read they are to be destroyed without a question. Since the government has such a tight hold on society, the citizens have no clue as to what is happening in their world. In Fahrenheit 451, the government has demanded that the harshest measures be put on books, which in this case is the importunate of the boo ks. Books are considered to be evil because they make people question and think. In this world people believe that when books and new ideas are avail adapted to society, conflict and gloominess take place. I believe that the government feels that by eliminating the world of conflict and controversy, that it will put an end to dispute and bothows people to stay happy all the time. In Part One, The Hearth and the Salamander, Guy Montag is introduced as a thirty-year-old fireman in the twenty-fourth century. Montags role as a fireman is destroying all the books he finds along with the homes he finds them in. At first it was pleasurable for Montag to burn up books. At this point he believes he is happy. He is a smiling fireman. The smile, adept like his burnt-corked face, is a m... ... are model citizens, in our own special way we walk the old tracks, we lie in the hills at night, and the city people let us be. This group of people, instead of carrying books with them, they each jus t memorize as many books as they can. The purpose is to one day, when the world is changed, to be able to re-copy the books once again into written form. Montag has changed dramatically throughout the novel. He is now able to think for himself, make his own decisions, and even tell people what to do, such as Faber. This is major change from the beginning of the book when Montag was nothing more then nave. He was only a timid machine of society. Bradbury promotes the idea in the novel that man should think for themselves, not let the government or television do their thinking for them. Work Cited Bradbury, Ray. Fahrenheit 451. New York Ballantine Books, 1953.

A Society Without Culture Is As Good As Dead Essay

This essay attempts to discuss, with examples, the topic which says, a orderliness without farming is as good as dead. C arfully evaluated, the subject entails that finis is of great relevancy and value to family. In this vein, the essay sh solely first examine the meaning of the term culture, and then outline the signifi idlerce of culture to any given society. A conclusion shall be presented at last. In the first place, there is no universally acceptable meaning of the word culture. Different hatful from divers(prenominal) lifestyles chip in advocated for various theoretical interpretations. Anthropologists hold the view that culture has something to do with the var.s of behavior and thinking that community brisk in specific mixer groups learn, create, and shargon. Experts have categorized these as customs and beliefs, art, way of life and social organization of a particular country or group of lot.However, many experts agree that in its totality, a peoples culture enco mpasses their beliefs, rules of behavior, langu maturate, rituals, art and technology, styles of dress, ways of producing and cooking food, religion, political and economic systems. All in all, these can be broken into two major groups namely the hearty culture and the non-material culture. However, a common class period is to divide all of culture into four broad categories material, social, and ideological with the fourth category, the arts, sharing characteristics of two material and non-material culture. The material culture includes products of human manufacture, such as technology. The non-material culture pertains topeoples forms of social organization how people interact and organize themselves in groups. According to Anchor (1990), the non-material culture includes peoples perceptions on value, beliefs, and commonly held ideals.Both the material and non-material culture may contain some aspects of the art culture including some activities and areas of interest such as music, sculpture, painting, pottery, theatre, cooking, writing, and fashion. The economic system is a very important notion in societies made of material cultures. All societies engender and switch material goods so that people can feed, clothe, shelter, and some otherwise provide for themselves basic needs. In most material cultures, anything that can be attached to the way of life of production is prioritized. Thus, when carrying out studies on the material culture of a particular society, Anthropologists look at several(prenominal) aspects of peoples material culture including the pattern of subsistence the ways in which people exchange goods and function the kinds of technologies and other objects people make and example and effects of peoples economy on the indispensable environment.The aforementioned four are the major tenets of a material culture as defined in modern social groups. How advanced one material culture is determines even its levels of development. This is evidenced by itself in that the culture of any given social group defines the level of development that has been attained by that social group. Another value of the material culture is that it provides the form of exchange. Generally, it is a tradition in any society whether big or not to exchange goods and services with each other through appropriate exchange systems. In Luapula Province for example, money is not the only form of exchange, but people can use other valuable products including food stuffs, clothes, and fishing equipment to exchange with fish.On the other hand, contemporary industrial societies have organized markets for land, labor, and money, and virtually everything is a commodity. hoi polloi deal and sell goods and services using money. This form of economy, known as capitalism, is typical of the pre-modern Zambian culture. As shown above, a material culture of every society or social group has a system of exchanging goods and services. Pre-historical man develo ped a system of exchanging goods and services quite different from the present. Today people from different regions are able to exchange goods and services through the exchange aspects of their cultures. However, it is important to note that the culture plays avery important role in shaping the exchange system of any social group and that the nature of the exchange system determines the rate of development of that cultural group. Apart from the afore-mentioned, material culture also has a hand in the development of the use of a particular type of technology.In most primarily agricultural societies in Zambia, people build robust houses of sun-dried mud bricks and grass-thatched roofs, wooden beams, or quarried stone. In large industrial and commerce-based societies, most people live in wood-frame or brick houses and apartment buildings with plumbing, supplies of electricity and infixed gas, and telephone services. Much of the material culture in these societies consists of mass-pr oduced goods created through industrial production, Sowell, (1996). A great deal of food and clothing are produced in this way. The variety of common household technologies includes televisions, stereos, microwave ovens, electric kettles and irons, computers, etc. Apart from the material culture, the non-material culture also has a great role to play in the development of a given people, social group or society.Focusing on those aspects of the non-material culture that help people of any given society to take off organized, the non-material culture varies from simple to complex societies. People commonly organize themselves according to bonds by kinship and marriage. Important factors in family, work, and political relations include age and gender. The other factor that makes the non-material culture different from material culture is the notion on ideologies. In every society, culturally unique ways of thinking almost the world unite people in their behavior. Ideology can be brok en down into at least three specific categories beliefs, values, and ideals. Many people rely on religion, systems of belief in the supernatural (things beyond the natural world), to shape their values and ideals and to influence their behavior. Beliefs, values, and ideals also come from observations of the natural world, a practice anthropologists commonly refer to as secularism.In Zambia, since the pronouncement that Zambia is a Christian nation, religion is becoming a very important aspect of the non-material culture. Religion allows people to know about and communicate with supernatural beings such as animal spirits, gods, and spirits of the dead. Religion often serves to help people cope with the death of relatives and friends, and it figures prominently in most funeral ceremonies. In the same way, visionaries and healers known as shamansreceive stories from supernatural beings and later recite them to others or act them out in melodramatic rituals, Taylor (1996). Culture pl ays a very important role in the development of any given social group. As a way of life for a given social group, culture shapes the development of any given social aspect. One such an area is communication by symbols. According to Archer, (1996), humans are of a nature in many ways to use typic communication. The ability to communicate with and understand symbols is one aspect that qualifies people to have a culture. Moreover, communication is a vital component in the development of a particular country.For example, in Zambia just like in many other countries, color on the national flag instill a spirit of patriotism among citizens. Similarly, language allows people to develop complex thoughts and to exchange those thoughts with others. Language and other forms of symbolic communication, such as art, enable people to create, explain, and record new ideas and information. In this day and age a great deal of arithmetic is expressed or communicated through symbols, enable a flexibl e way for people to communicate even very complex thoughts with each other, for instance in the construction industry. Among several benefits that come with the starting of culture is self-identity. Self-identity usually depends on culture to such a great extent that immersion in a very different culture with which a person does not helping common ways of life or beliefs can cause a feeling of confusion and freak out or culture shock. Sharing culture enables people to cultivate a spirit of unity.Members of a society who share culture often also share some feelings of ethnocentrism, the notion that ones culture is more sensible than or superior to that of other societies. Ethnocentrism contributes to the integrity of culture because it affirms peoples dual-lane beliefs and values in the face of other, often contradictory, beliefs and values held by people of other cultural backgrounds. Cultural exchange can provide many benefits for all societies. Different societies can exchange ideas, people, manufactured goods, and natural resources. Such exchanges can also have drawbacks however. Often, the introduction of aspects of another societys culture can disrupt the cohesive life of a people, Archer (1996). For example, the introduction of consumerism into many small societies has led to what anthropologists refer to as cargo cults. In cargo cults, people focus much of their religious energy and time on trying to magically acquirecommercial goods. According to a good number of experts, commandment has been a vital component of human civilizations.Today, policy makers and other concerned parties have woken up to the fact that education is crucial to the development of any nation. People are not born with culture they have to learn it. For instance, people moldiness learn to speak and understand a language and to abide by rules of a society. In many societies, all people must learn to produce and prepare food and to construct shelters. In other societies, people must learn a skill to earn money, which they then use to provide for themselves. Culture helps human societies resist in changing natural environments, Sowell, (1996). By enabling people to develop new technologies and learn how to subsist on new environmental conditions, people are empowered to survive. As a matter of fact, cultural adaptation has made humans one of the most successful species on the planet.Through history, major developments in technology, medicine, and nutrition have allowed people to reproduce and survive in ever-increasing numbers. The global population has risen from eight million during the Ice Age to almost six billion, Hall (199945). In conclusion, I remain of the vista that culture depicts the way of life for any given social group. It covers all aspects of the human life including symbolic aspects, art, technology, ideologies among others. However, it is common tradition for experts today to categorize culture in terms of material and non-material cultu re. The material culture can be much closely linked to the means of production or earning a living or livelihood that has been adopted by a given people.The non-material culture has something to do with the beliefs, customs, norms, and other important non-material aspects of a peoples culture the society has adopted to ease the process of communication or cooperation. Culture is important for the development of any nation. It is common among anthropologists today to distinguish between developed and developing nations just by studying some aspects of the culture to that nation. Culture defines the means of production, type of technology and innovation among others. Culture is important if a given society should uphold those aspects of culture it considers to be working even for future generations. The shared aspect of culture enables people in the same society to share among other things, skills, norms, customs, and beliefs.Furthermore, while people biologically inherit many physic al traits and behavioral instincts, culture is sociallyinherited. A person must learn culture from other people in a society. Culture is also adaptive. People use culture to flexibly and quickly adjust to changes in the world around them. Indeed, as can be noted from the above discussion, a society without culture is as good as dead.REFERENCESAnchor, J. (1990), An Examination of Cultural Influences on Behavior and sign(a) Communication. Gold, Tie Cooperations. Archer, M. (1996), Culture and Agency The Place of Culture in Social Theory. Rev. ed. Cambridge University Press. Hall, E. (1959), The Silent Language. Doubleday, New York Wiley & Sons. Sowell, T. (1996), Migrations and Cultures A World View, capital of the United Kingdom Basic Books. Taylor, G. (1996), Cultural Selection, London Basic Books.

An Unhealthy Image Essay

Over the years, models pretend become skinnier and skinnier, and now virtually models are just too thin. Being a work model went hand-in-hand with organism slim, that now being a vogue model goes hand-in-hand with no remains fat whatsoever. It took the death of a junior adult at a means show taking place during Fashion Week for officials in Madrid to finally say No more to overly lean models, and others are being to follow suit. Luisel Ramos was ace of Uruguays top fashion models at the age of only 22. In preparation for Uruguays Fashion Week, she stuck to a strict nutriment of only lettuce and Diet Coke for ab prohibited three months leading up to the show. Shortly after exiting the runway during a fashion show, she collapsed backstage trying to struggle through a heart attack, but beca routine of the lack of nutrition was unable to win the battle (Phillips).The strict dieting Ramos stuck to left her weighing only 98 pounds. This is the intermediate pitch of a 12 or 13 year old standing a little over 5 feet tall, but at a height of almost 510, this is alarming (Average Height to Weight Chart). Thats a body mass index, or BMI, of only 14.5 BMI is calculated development a persons freight in conjunction to their height and is used to categorize a persons weight to determine if they are underweight, average weight, or overweight. (Healthy Weight Assessing Your Weight Body Mass Index (BMI)). According to The World Health Organization, a BMI of 16 is already considered starving, so 14.5 is super underweight.To add insult to injury, Lusiels 18-year-old sister died the following year for the same contributing reason, malnutrition (Phillips). Australia, along with some European countries, and a a couple of(prenominal) case-by-case fashion shows in the United States render already started banning severely underweight models, but a majority of countries have yet to join the movement. There should be a weight lower limit on models because without one the pressure to be thin forces blebby dieting and eating disorders, the fashion diligence is promoting an unhealthy body image, and because we simply should non be encouraging a sickness.There is definitely an undeniable pressure for models to be thin in the fashion industry. According to Martin J. Tovee, a professor at pertlycastle University and one of the conductors of the study Supermodels StickInsects or Hourglasses?, model cards provide accurate biometric data on the basis of which the models are employ meaning to models and designers, numbers are everything (Tovee). Unfortunately, it is usually the lower the numbers, the greater the chance of being picked, limitting a great amount of pressure on fashion models to be skinny. But there are a host of health problems that go hand-in-hand with being super skinny. One with an eating disorder impart most likely suffer from an irregular heartbeat sensitivity to cold temperatures thinning of bones move blood pressure but also a lowered pulse, lowered body temperature, and breathing rates. Lack of proper nutrition can even cause damage to vital organs like the heart, brain, or kidneys ( feeding Disorders Complications).None of these health problems can and should be taken lightly. After reading a list like this, its not surprising that 1 out every 10 eating disorders leads to death (Weltzin). What is shocking, however, that it is said that one of the most common causes of death among those with an eating disorder is not directly related to a physical health problem, but instead the mental aspect of it. It appears that suicide among those with eating disorders is one of the most common causes of death and was confirmed in one of the many studies done titled, suicide and attempted suicide in eating disorders, obesity and weight-image concern, which is a study completed by the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Rome.They have determined that, individuals suffering from anorexia nervosa and bulimi a nervosa commit suicide more often than their counterparts in the general population also a few studies have suggested that suicide is the major cause of death among patients with anorexia nervosa, refuting the assumption that inanition generally threatens the life of these patients (Pompili). Suicide is often a result of pressure or challenges worthy unbearable. These models are literally dying to be glorious. Since 2010 alone, there have been seven reported cases of suicide among models as young as 16-years-old (Coles). With a stripped- coldcock weight requirement put in place, some of the pressure put on by the fashion industry to be too skinny will be taken off of these young models.The fashion industry is crawling with designers and the beautiful people they chose to represent them. Sadly, the fashion industrys idea ofbeautiful is unhealthily underweight bodies attached to pretty faces. In many aspects, models are widely respected. They introduce the world to the up-and-com ing trends they show the world different ways to put to pushher outfits and they make up a small portion of the population who are portrayed as physically perfect and who doesnt want to be what others think perfect is? For those who feel they are not already beautiful, they give ear to these models to try and discover how beauty can actually be defined. A few things might stick out to those who look to models for guidance. They might notice the pretty hair, or the seemingly flawless skin, and they may even notice the models above average height, but one thing that cannot be looked over the models weight. Fashion models are all very petite and most are lack the natural curves of a woman. But models and the fashion industry are promoting this body image as what beauty can be defined as.Former capital of Seychelles Secret model, Frederique van der Wal, was in awe at the sight of how skinny the models were who strutted down the runway during New Yorks Fashion Week in 2006. She comment ed on the sight by stating, This unnatural thinness is a terrible message to send out. The people watching the fashion shows are young, impressionable women (Hellmich). It can be agreed that the situation is bad when one of their own comments on it. But there is plenty of truth to stand behind what the model is saying. In fact, a professor of psychiatry at Rush Medical College in Chicago and the vice president of the American Psychiatric Association, Nada Stotland agrees, arguing that We hump eyesight super-thin models can play a role in causing anorexia because many models and actresses are so thin, it makes anorexics think their emaciated bodies are normal (Hellmich). With this definition of beauty, young people who aspire to be models are doomed.Whether they like it or not, many models and actresses are seen as role models, and many young girls growing up look to models and actresses as such. When females look to some of the models as role models, and see all the glam, glory, a nd attention that these models are receiving, it only encourages the disorder. Role models should be that role models. They should be promoting a positive image, both mentally and also physically. However, overly thin models display the exact opposite. They are mentally unhealthy, and it shows physically. What these young people may not know about wanting to be a dangerously underweight model are the health problemsthat being dangerously underweight are linked to. In fact, the models that are participating in being dangerously underweight may not know the health problems they may be bringing upon themselves either.However, this is not a suggestion that thin models cause eating disorder in those who look up to them. One of the misconceptions and arguments against applying a weight minimum to modeling is that thin models do not cause eating disorders, it has yet to be proven so this is a valid argument, but on the other hand, it cannot be denied that it could be an attributing comput e in some cases. Another argument against weight restrictions, is that if models are seen as role models to others and are being held accountable, and so others in the limelight film to be held accountable, also. The flaw in this argument is that others are actually being held accountable. Some may considered musical artists a role model. With this said, newly signed rapper, Wiz Khalifa is cognise for his reference to marijuana in his songs, but is still adored by the younger generation. However, this caught up with him last year when he was arrested for drug position (Miller).Without this minimum weight requirement, these severely underweight models are only being encouraged. The thinner the model, the more work and opportunities that are available to them. Hiring the thinnest models is justified by saying that designers need models that will fit sample clothes. There has been discussion by The Council of Fashion Designers of America about increasing sample clothing sizes but on ly few have taken the initiative to increase the sample clothing size. Sample clothing is prototype of clothing designers create for a model to wear down the runway, before mass producing. Sample clothing sizes usually range from a size zero to a size two. A former runway model, Valentine Fillol Cordier, explains, The measurements have changed Id say the perfect hip size now is 10cm less that it was in the 90s. All the girls have lost on the hips (Fisher). She then goes on to explain that since she was unable to keep up with changing measurements, she cant work anymore (Fisher).The editor of respected fashion magazine, _Vogue_, Alexandra Shulman, sent a letter to major international fashion houses complaining that sample sizes sent by designers are now so minuscule they force fashion editors to use modelswith jutting bones and no breasts or hips (Fisher). As sample sizes get smaller and smaller, the healthier models find themselves out of work while the unhealthy models get all the glory. By the unhealthier models getting all the glory, it is only reassuring the models that being severely underweight is a good thing, and encouraging other models to get skinnier when in fact is it absurd. The world might wince at the sight of skin and bones walking around, but as long as these models are being used to showcase designers apparel and still getting paid, who is going to stop them?Some have finally said enough is enough to severely underweight models. The first ban on overly underweight models took place in 2006 in Madrid. In order to determine what a healthy weight is for a model, fashion shows taking place in Madrid evaluate the Body Mass Index, or BMI, which compares the models height to their weight. Any models falling below the healthy weight limit being turned away. The mayor of Milan in Italy, has decided to do the same. She says that the only way that this policy will be overturned is if there is some other to keep the models from looking sick (Skinny Mod els Banned from Catwalk). More recently, Victoria Beckham banned 12 models from her New York fashion show last year. Even though she is quite thin herself, she did not want to keep the trend going by supporting underweight models.Placing a weight minimum on models would not be put in place to discriminate against models and designers, but instead for the welfare of models and the people who look up to them. Without the weight minimum, the fashion industry is promoting an unhealthy body image. They are sending the message to consumers and the people who look towards the models as role models that it is okay to be severely underweight. Not only is the fashion industry negatively impacting others, but it is also negatively impacting the models, themselves. They are killing themselves to be this idea of beautiful that the fashion industry has defined. Just as important, without this minimum weight requirement, this unhealthy lifestyle, this sickness, is being glorified and encouraged, w herein it should not be. Eating disorders are exactly that, illness, and no one should be cheered on for it.BibliographyAverage Height to Weight Chart. _Disability News, training and Resources Disabled World_. Disabled World, 28 Oct. 2007. Web. 21 Oct. 2011. .Coles, John. Aspiring Teenage Model Gabby Joseph Killed by a Train. _Metro.co.uk_. Metro, 28 Apr. 2011. Web. 22 Oct. 2011. .Eating Disorders Complications. mayonnaise Clinic. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 12 Jan. 2010. Web. 30 Nov. 2011. .Fisher, Alice, and Caroline Davies. Fashion Houses Hit Back In Row Over Whos To Blame For coat Zero Models. The Guardian. The Observer, 13 June 2009. Web. 30 Oct. 2011. .Healthy Weight Assessing Your Weight Body Mass Index (BMI). _Centers for Disease Control and Prevention_. CDC, 13 Sept. 2011. Web. 21 Oct. 2011. .Hellmich, Nanci. Do flimsy Models Warp Girls Body Image? _Health & Behavior_. USA TODAY, 26 Sept. 2006. Web. 22 Oct. 2011. .Miller, Carlin DeGuerin. Wiz Kha lifa Arrested Rapper Bonds Out of Jail in Time for Cheese Eggs fancy man Breakfast Crimesider CBS News. Breaking News Headlines. CBS, 9 Nov. 2010. Web. 28 Jan. 2012. .Phillips, Tom. Anna Carolina Reston The Model Who Starved Herself to Death. _Latest News, Sport and Comment from the Guardian The Guardian_. The Guardian, 13 Jan. 2007. Web. 23 Oct. 2011. .Pompili, M, Girardi P, Tatarelli G, Ruberto A, and Tatarelli R. Suicide and Attempted Suicide in Eating Disorders, Obesity and Weight-image Concern. _Eating Behavior_ (2006) 384-94. _NCBI_. NCBI, 23 Jan. 2006. Web. 22 Oct. 2011. .Povoledo, Elisabetta. Milan Wants to See More Meat on Models. _The New York Times Breaking News, World News & Multimedia_. The New York Times, 15 Sept. 2006. Web. 22 Oct. 2011. .Skinny Models Banned from Catwalk. Featured Articles from CNN. CNN, 13 Sept. 2006. Web. 24 Nov. 2011. .Tovee, Martin J., Suzanne M. Mason, Joanne L. Emery, Sara E. McCluskey, and Esther M.Cohen- Tovee. Supermodels Stick Insects or Hourglasses? _Supermodels Stick Insects or Hourglasses?_ 350.9089 (1997) 1474-475. _TheLancet.com_. The Lancet. Web. 22 Oct. 2011. .Weltzin, Theodore E. Eating Disorders. _American Bar Association_. GPsolo Magazine, Oct.-Nov. 2004. Web. 24 Nov. 2011.

Literature Essay

Narrative- Only Daughter by Sandra Cisneros In Only Daughter, Sandra describes her struggled life of being an only daughter of a Mexican-American family with sestet sons. She uses Spanish words to explain her familys background and tradition. She explains how she accomplished her goal because of breed wanting her to get married. She explains her life with past and recent events.Description- Words go away Unspoken by Leah Hager Cohen In the story Words Left Unspoken, Leah describes her relationship with her grandfather. Leah describes thoroughly what her grandpa would do to catch her attention, or to speak to them without having to talk. She also explains how her grandmother, father lived in a small place where you couldnt even stretch out your arms without hitting the other person in the room.Comparison and contrast- twain Ways to Belong in America by Bharati Mukherjee In the story Two Ways to Belong in America, Bharati describes her sisters and her relationship. They ar on diff erent sides of in the debate over the status of immigrants. Mukherjee tells us the differences between her sisters and herself live since they had gotten in America. She makes the essay with sympathy saying that she believed that people that worked in the U.S. should be able to flex immigrants.Classification and Division- Mothers Tongue by Amy Tan In the story Mother Tongue, Amy describes how she changes the way she speaks when shes with her mother. She and her husband dont notice when she changes English because they are so used to it. Amy also explains how her mothers tongue was the one to help her get her senses with the world.

Mines by Susan Straight Author Report Essay

1. Summary and Response.A. Born in River slope, California, Susan Straight became an award winning regional author. Straight came from a simple beginning, a diverse family and no friends who were writers. Straight wrote her depression legend at the age of sixteen and wrote sports articles in junior high. As a junior in high school, she began writing short stories again. Straight does wish well to travel, but enjoys returning home as well. Straight makes no hallucination in advocating the use of writing workshops, so that writers have the opportunity to expand their talent. Straight has been published in various national publications, covered novels for young readers as well and even a childrens book. Straight has received several literary awards for her work and is now a Professor at the University of California. Her short story Mines was included in Best American Short Stories, 2003. The Golden Gopher, another of Straights short stories, received the 2008 Edgar Allan Poe Award. Straights last three novels atomic number 18 Highwire Moon (2001), A cardinal Nightingales (2006) and Take One Candle Light a Room (2010). Straight has many essays Reckless (2007), El Ojo de Agua (2007) and The Funk Festival at Los Angles Coliseum, Los Angles, whitethorn 26, 1979 to name a few. For her younger readers Susan authored Bear E. Bear (1995) and The Friskative Dog (2007).B. Mines is a story nearly a mother whos also a department of corrections officer, trying to maintenance her children from becoming part of the uneducated youth prison culture. Clarette is a strong, self-sacrificing woman. She has no personal life, due to her distant husband in essence, she is a single mother. Clarette has conflict with her husband, who seems to be fine with their children growing up to be what society expects. Clarette is trying as best she can to expand their options in their lives. Her job at the Youth Authority takes a physical and emotional toll on her.Because of the jobs nature, Clarette sees the delinquency of the youth, grasping why she should keep going and vainglorious her children an alternative future. She sees the wards, as fools. Just as that they are misguided and immature. Her determination is proven after the fight at the Youth Authority, where she gets up and spits on the spot she was assaulted, returning to work. Nothing is easy for her, but she just wont give up.C. I sincerely enjoyed reading Mines. At first I just thought it was going to be about her job, this was just fine with me. Even though her job does play into the story, it is not just about that. Straights descriptions of the scenery, characters, emotions and social influences were beautifully done. Even upon the first reading I indentified with Clarette, since I am also a single mother and did work for a objet dart as a corrections officer myself. It made me recall all the wasted lives I encountered on a daily basis and that some(a) of them acted like it was no big deal. Although these were grown men, it seems like it is now just something that is socially accepted. The short story was a very easy read for me and one that I read several times with no effort. I felt that she was a decent human being, caring, loving and rational. She, like most mothers, put her children before herself, giving up some of her life and that made her more human to me. I felt sorrow when she is injured in the fight at her job and disdain when she spat on the cement before she goes back inside. I also felt satisfaction, when she opened the classifieds to look for the upright.2. Research.A. There are three main points that I would like to cover, in the interview that I chose on Susan Straight. The title is simply, Birnbaum v. Susan Straight.* All of her fiction has been about how people from posteriors like Louisiana, Oklahoma, Mississippi, Canada and Switzerland have come to a place like Riverside, California. Since her fiction is regional, it helps usunderstand better just one pa rt of our country, instead of trying to be so broad that we lose some things in detail. Susan travels to the places in her writings, to get the back-story, making sure that all is accurate and it appears that she enjoys it a lot. When Susan committed to writing A Million Nightingales, she states, I spent quin years and I read about a hundred books and historic documents and went to Louisiana twice with my neighbor, who is from east Texas (5).She uses things that are in court documents to help with historical training as well. For example, slaves were never taught to read or write, also they were never taught to read or write, also they were considered property. So for her, court documents are the way to go. I read a lot of court documents and I have to tell you I read things like estate sale documents from 1797On the right side of the document is listed the human property thats being sold and on the left the physical property and it goes on for several pages. On the right move on side you have all the slaves and the slaves only had first names. They couldnt have last names (6). Susan also states, The way I know about my family by marriage-slave ancestry-is only through all the stories everyone tells (6). It is amazing how she researches so much and incorporates that to make sure the story is correct. That does give the reader a more true judgement on what is going on in the disciplineting, time period and characters minds.It does appear that she does also keep up with the social and political aspects of the time. Speaking about expectations set by society of her daughters and government mistreatment in response after a natural disaster, due to ethnicity. Susan speaks of the hurricane that destroyed New Orleans, New Orleans was 70 percentage African-American and it becomes much easier for the federal government-in my community, in the black community, this is common knowledge, people say, Of course they dont want to rebuild New Orleans. I see what people in Louisiana feel, not just in New Orleans but outside the city as well, especially south and in St. Bernard Parish, isthat rejection you feel when the federal government says, Well I dont know if its in truth worth it. Of course, if its your birthplace, you want to feel as if you are worth it (10). Leading me to realize that in that location is still racial discrimination, even now, in politics as well as society.Susans daughters are described as readers of literature, diverse in the music that they enjoy and just like any other fine young lady. Susan is quoted speaking of her daughters as really smart besides being beautiful, and thats frightening. Its frightening because a lot of times people still expect them to be dumb or want them to be dumb. Because they are beautiful light-skinned black women (4). There are no pure races, states Susan, which does make you think (4). Susan does give supporting information to prove her quote, simply by reminding the reader of Louisiana in t he late 1700s. You had Swiss mercenary soldiers who had their own laws and rules. French settlers, French-Canadian trappers who didnteven speak the said(prenominal) French as the French settlers. African slaves from seven, eight, nine different nations who spoke Congo, Bambara. And then you had German settlers. And then Native Americans who had their own distinct languagesAnd the truth is, if there is English and if there is French, if there is African it all melds to become this Creole language-what is it then, and what are we then? (7).While a student at the University of Massachusetts, Susan did study with pile Baldwin. Mr. Baldwin is known for his activism, in the civil rights movement, as well as his writing on African American life in the United States. When Susan got to the University of Massachusetts, she had been a sports writer and editor, and Id only been writing fiction for a year. Mr. Baldwin would assist Susan with her stories, helping develop characters that she tho ught were minor and had her think on a big scale. Susan says that Mr. Baldwin was immensely helpful the way he taught me to think about these larger questions Susan was unsure that Mr. Baldwin knew what he was talking about, but came to realize he was right. Susan also attribute Jay Neugeboren, a professor for years at the University of Massachusetts, as the person who really taught me to line-edit. He taught me to go through my work and make it as perfect as it could be (15, 16).ReferencesStraight, Susan. Birnbaum v. Susan Straight. The Morning News. The Morning News, 02 Aug.2006. Web. 21 Jun. 2011.Straight, Susan. Interview by Dominique McCafferty. Riverside Public Library. Riverside PublicLibrary Riverside, CA. Spring 2005. Web. 06 Jun. 2011Straight, Susan. www.Susan Straight.com. www.Jwelches.com. n.d. Web. 30 Jun. 2011

Leadership Style of Kiran Mazumdar Shaw

Born on March 23, 1953 in Bangalore. Schooling at Bishop Cotton Girls School & Mount Carmel College at Bangalore. B. Sc. in Zoology from Bangalore University. Qualified as a master brewer from B eitherarat University Australia. CMD,Biocon Ltd, Indias biggest biotechnology company. In 2004, she became Indias richest woman Feathers in the Cap Termed Indias Biotech Queen by The Economist and Fortune Indias mother of invention by New York Times Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the social class Award in Healthcare & Life Sciences Category (2002) The Economic Times Business Woman of the Year Award (2004)Leadership The KMS way The Success MANTRA Listen to the little drummer in you who keeps saying break free, become large, build something memorable. Strategy Leadership is about approaching probability through strategy. Motivation Motivating Oneself Motivating others Mission or Vision All leaders need not be visionaries and all visionaries need not be leaders. There can be a leader withou t vision but there cant be a leader without mission. A Leaders Mission To inspire people To help them share aspirations and ideas SITUATIONAL LEADERA Devastating situation Personal Vs Professional Life Biocon was busy negotiating with Danish home Novozymes for the sale of its enzymes business. Her husband John Shaw was diagnosed with a cancerous lump in his kidney. Kiran not just tended to her husband in hospital, but also made all the strategic decisions needed for the deal. Ultimately, the deal was a great SUCCESS for BIOCON Personality Traits Openness to experience Extraversion Agreeableness Emotional Intelligence Conscientiousness rattling High High High High Very High Charismatic LeadershipThe Most Influential in Bio-business someone outside Europe and USA reputation Articulates the vision Sets the high performance expectations Conveys a new set of values Motivational Leader A great motivational leader in monetary value of both motivating herself as closely as her employees Inspired by Indias software success story. This motivated her to set up Syngene. Transcendental Leader Doing the unworkable Surface courage from FEARS Touching the UNTOUCHABLES Understanding the inarticulate needs Strong commitment to goals She transcended the boundaries of self and her business. Relationship building within the organization as well as outside the organization Customer relationship that helped Biocons growth. Kiran tried to add value to the business and customer. She commented in an article that as the company grew, the equivalence with the customers changed. Earlier client meetings were under a cloud of patronization but now they were meeting of equal minds Who is a LEADER? A peoples person One who inspires confidence One who have respect for others Have honesty of purpose One who has passion, energy, conviction, ambition, mission & faith THE DIFFERENCE LIES IN DNA

Analysis of Emma Lazarus’ The New Colossus

Analysis of Emma Lazarus Statue of Liberty Poem X Maxwell Wallace Maxwell Wallace has been a professional freelance copywriter since 1999. His work has appeared in numerous print and online publications. An esurient surfer, Wallace enjoys writing about travel and outdoor activities throughout the world. He holds a Bachelor of Science in communication and journalism from Suffolk University, Boston. The new Colossus is a sonnet by the late American poet, Emma Lazarus (1849-1887). . Significance * In 1903, The New Colossus achieved exceptional notoriety and perdurable fame when the last four lines of the piece were inscribe on a large bronze plaque underneath the Statue of Liberty, located on Ellis Island in New York, New York. About the Author * Considered by her generation as a dignitary of American letters, Emma Lazarus was one of the first successful Jewish-American authors in history. The New Colossus exemplifies many common themes found in her catalog of work, most notably symp athy for emigrants seeking exile from harsh regimes and those who enduring prejudice both of which were commonplace during her lifetime. History * Construction on the Statue of Liberty was perfect in 1886, however the pedestal of the statue remained unfinished for some time.Lazarus wrote the piece in conjunction with a movement by a group of New York artists and writers who were attempt to raise money for the pedestals completion. Considerations * The poem describes the millions of immigrants who had already passed through Ellis Island, as well as lauding those who had yet to make the journey. Significance * The images of freedom and redemption in The New Colossus only further solidified the feelings of hope and rebirth experienced by immigrants who passed through Ellis Island

A Hypothetical New School

In the post-modern knowledge society, the role of the school in the education of the jejuneness is paramount. Education should develop the holistic somebody through the implementation of an educational program in the school.Among the auxiliary services of school, the subroutine library is directly related to the learnedness of knowledge, skills and attitudes, which are important to developing the youths potentials for a functional membership in his society. This paper proposes a library design in footing of its basic features contained in the educational philosophy of a hypothetical school.New School Library PhilosophyIn the holistic education of a student, a school endeavors to develop the full-length person composed of mind, heart, body, and spirit. The school library herein proposed shall be devoted to the attainment of the basic vision of educating the youth to be a holistic person predominated by his spiritual intelligence with an ethical conscience that is able to guide hi s in living as a functional member of society local anaesthetic and international.With a superior spiritual intelligence, a holistic person is able to develop and utilize all the other aspects of his personality, mind, body, and heart since the spirit influences all these aspects. spiritual intelligence is the guidance of all three other intelligences, (Latumahina, 2007.) Spiritual intelligence can be developed through making and keeping promises, educating and obeying your conscience, and asking questions yourself and living the answers.Spiritual Intelligence and the Library. The school library herein proposed willing provide great opportunities for developing the spiritual intelligence of its clients. The working and information environment is of great tension.The library staff shall be imbued with compassionate and caring attitudes towards the school and the outside federation. Moreover, the library staff will be composed of highly trained professionals in the delivery of s ervices to the students, teachers, school employees and outside clients.They shall work for and with those clients, thus, making the school library a service center of the school. Working closely with the clientele in like manner develops and utilizes their spiritual intelligence, which they pass on to the students. The staff will therefore be not only servicing workers but also instructing librarians.Beyond the physical champaign of the library, the staff will be rendering community service with the students, teachers and administrators, thus, making them an integral part of the school and community.The school library emphasizes service to its clientele and the community. It will focus on service learning. It will promote ethical, civic, and academic growth through learning projects. These projects shall bring the school to the community. Students, teachers, and parent volunteers will participate in reading projects where teachers, administrators, librarians, parents and students read out loud to the community.Projects like these will help school community members, students, teachers, parents, and other citizens discover core values they have in common, and they will learn teamwork, decision-making skills, and strategies for implementing effective service learning projects. These projects will enable students to acquire teamwork and decision-making skills as well as strategies for action.The library materials shall be composed of books, journals, magazines, electronic media and others that will be useful for developing knowledge, skills and attitudes which are important to bread and butter and career. They shall be influencing the development of mind, body, heart, and spirit.The library collections shall evenly address the needs of the students in learning the basic sciences, social studies, humanities, arts, languages and technology. Interactive electronic materials will be especially devoted to the development of social grace, ethics, values and morality . Multicultural education will be given emphasis in the selection of reading materials and interactive materials in the social studies.Ethics and the New School. In realizing the vision of educating the holistic person, the mission of the new school, therefore, puts emphasis on the development of the ethical conscience of the students, thereby unfolding their spiritual intelligence.This will be realized by incorporating ethics and morality as an corporate aspect of the school curriculum. Ethics and morality guide the individual in being and becoming a functional member of society. Foremost, the individual sets his goals in life in consideration of the overarching goals of society, which is peaceful co-existence and living with the rest of mankind a master(prenominal) ingredient of multicultural education.Goal-achievement is guided by an ethical conscience toward to allowance for other cultures and societies as well as care for the environment. The new school fosters tolerance th rough the compassionate and caring values and attitudes of its administrators, teachers and employees.The school library shall be at the forefront of the service-oriented school staff. The librarians and other library workers will set examples in the development of spiritual intelligence. Every staff member will be an instructional model of ethics and morality.A tender, loving, and caring attitude shall be radiated by every worker rendering services to the clients. It is by fostering a library environment which serves and cares that the ethics of tolerance and co-existence will be taught to the students. It will be teaching by example.Primary Purpose of Education at the New School. Self-enhancement, therefore, shall be the main purpose for which the schools educational program will be designed and implemented. It is assumed that every human being is undergoing the educative process as she lives in society with all relevant social institutions nurturing and nourishing his.But the new school will be enhancing that education through transformation. Transformative education will, thus, be the assay-mark of the new school. It shall endeavor to provide every possible opportunity for the unfolding of the potentials of the individual for a fruitful and rewarding life spent with the rest of the community of mankind.

Account: Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and Long Term Liabilities

Chapter 12 1/ As part of the initial investment , a partner contributes office equipment that had cost $20,000 and on which salt away depreciation of $ 12500 had been recorded . If the partners agree on a valuation of $ 9000 for the equipment , what tote up should be debited to the office equipment account? a/ 7500 c/ 12500 b/ 9000 d/ 20000 2/ hightail it and Dale agree to form a partnership. Chip is to contribute $50000 in assets and to devote one half marches to the partnership.Dale is to contribute 20000 and to devote full time to the partnership. How will Chip and Dale section in the theatrical role of net income or net loss? a/ 52 c/ 11 b/ 12 d/ 2. 51 3/ Tracey and Hepburn invest one C,000 and 50,000 , respectively , in a partnership and agree to a division of net income that provides for an every last(predicate)owance of bear on at 10 % on original investments , salary allowances of 12,000 and 24000 , respectively , with the remnant divided equally .What would be T raceys share of a net income o 45,000? a/ 22500 c/ 19,000 b/ 22000 d/ 10000 4/ Lee and Stills are partners who share income in the symmetry of 21 and who have neat correspondences of 65,000 and 35,000 , respectively . If Morr , with the consent of Stills, acquired one half of lees interest for 40,000 for what amount would Morrs cracking account be credited ? a/ 32500 c/ 50,000 b/ 40000 d/ 72,500 5/ Pavin and abdel share gains and losses in the proportion of 21 .After selling all assets for property , dividing the losses on realization , and paying liabilities , the commensuratenesss in the capital accounts were as follows Pavin , 10000 Cr , abdel , 2000 Cr. How many of the hard funds of 12000 would be distributed to Pavin? a/ 2000 c/ 10000 b/ 8000 d/ 12000 chapter 13 1/ which of the quest is a disadvantage of the corporate form of organization? a/ limited liability b/ continuous life c/ owner is separate from management d/ ability to raise capital 2/ paid in capital for a corpo dimensionn may araise from which of the adjacent sources? a/ put out preferable old-hat / issuing common stock c/ selling the corporations exchequer stock d/ all of the above 3/ the stockholders equity section of the brace sheet may include a/ common stock b/ stock dividends distributable c/ preferred stock d/ all of the above 4/ if a corporation reacquires its own stock , the stock is listed on the eternal rest sheet in the a/ stream assets section b/ large term liabilities section c/ stockholders equity section d/ investments section 5/ a corporation has issued 25000, shares of 100 par common stock and holds 3000 of these shares as treasury of stock .If the corporation declares a 2 per share cash dividend , what amount will be recorded as cash dividends? a/ 22000c/44000 b/ 25000d/ 50000 chapter 15 1/ If a corpo. Plans to issue 1,000,000 of 12 % bonds of a time when the market rate for similar bonds is 10 % the bonds can be expected to sell at a/ their face amount b/ a premium a discount d/ a price below their face amount 2/ if the bonds payable account has a balance of 900,000 and the discount on bonds payable account has a balance of 72000 , what is the carrying amount of the bonds? / 828,000 b/ 900,000 c/ 972,000 d/ 580,000 3/ the cash and securities that make up the sinking strain established for the payment of bonds at maturity are classified on the balance sheet as a/ current assets b/ investments c/ long term liabilities d/ current liabilities 4/ if a firm purchase 150,000 of bonds of x company at 101 plus accrued interests of 2000 and pays brokers commissions of 50 , the amount debited to investment in x company bonds would be a/ 150,000 b/ 151,550 c/ 153,500 d/ 153,550 / the balance in the discount on bonds payable account would usually be reported in the balance sheet in the a/ current assets section b/ current liabilities section c/ long term liabilities section d/ investments section chapter 16 1/ an ex of a cash ply from an o perating activity is a/ receipt of cash from the change of stock b/ receipt of cash from the bargain of bonds c/ payment of cash for dividends d/ receipt of cash from customers on account 2/ an ex of a cash flow from an investing activity is a/ receipt of cash from the sale of equipment / receipt of cash from the sale of stock c/ payment of cash for dividends d/ payment of cash to acquire treasury stock 3/ an ex of a cash flow from a financial support activity is a/ receipt of cash from customers on account b/ receipt of cash from the sale of equipment c/ payment of cash for dividends d/ payment of cash to acquire land 4/ which of the following methods of reporting cash flows from operating activities adjust net income for revenues and expenses not involving the receipt or payment of cash? a/ direct method b/ purchase method c/ reciprocal method d/ indirect method / the net income reported on the income statements for the year was 55000 and depreciation of fixed assets for the year was 22000 . The balances of the current assets and current liability accounts at the beginning and end of the year are shown at the top of the following page? / 740 Chapter 17 1/ what type of outline is indicated by the following ? a/ vertical abstract b/ horizontal analysis c/ profitability analysis d/ contribution margin analysis 2/ which of the following measures indicates the ability of a firm to pay its current liabilities ? a/ working(a) capital b/ current ratio c/ quick ratio / all of above 3/ the ratio determined by dividing total current assets by total current liabilities is a/ current ratio b/ working capital ratio c/ bankers ratio d/ all of the above 4/ the ratio of the quick assets to current liabilities , which indicates the instant debt paying ability of a firm , is the a/ current ratio b/ working capital ratio c/ quick ratio d/ bankers ratio 5/ a measure useful in evaluating efficiency in the management of inventories is the a/ working capital ratio b/ quic k ratio c/ number of days sale in inventory d/ ratio of fixed assets to long term liabilities

Projectile Motion Lab: Using a Toy Gun

Projectile Motion Lab Using a Toy Gun role The purpose of this investigation is to measure the vertical displacement, or height of the launch, and the plain displacement, or incline, travelled by a rocket ( punch from coquet poor boy). Questions What is the shape of the actual path travelled by a projectile? How reason outly does an actual projectiles results follow the theoretic predicted results? Hypothesis The shape of the path travelled by the projectile, in this case the smoking of the gun, is a parabolic.This means that is a juicy shape collect to the pot existence launched in the air (making curve go up) and the earths gravity pulling it down (making curve go down). As the height of the bullets release increases the the magazine to reach the ground result increase, and thitherfore the set out of the bullet leading increase. This is be bear the bullets vertical velocity will decrease later as the height is higher up, having a big time, and therefore a larger ran ge. Materials Toy Gun Fake Bullets Metre Sick Stop pursue General Observations A standard stick was apply to measure the height and the range of the bullet.A engine block was expendd to determine the time it took for the bullet to reach the ground. As the bullet was released, its path was parabolic. This means that its was curvy because it was first int air, but the gravity pulled it back down to the surface. The toy gun was steadily held in my flip. The sign height was the distance from the gun to the surface used. The gun flavor out the bullets at a slightly desist speed. As the height was increased, the more time the bullet took to reach the ground. As the height was increased, the range was also higher.Observation Table Data of various heights used Height (cm) Time (seconds) crosswise distance (cm) 25 2. 26 70. 7 50 3. 19 nose messdy 75 3. 1 122 100 4. 52 141 Analysis Picture of the launcher Height vs. chain of mountains graph- Refer to attached data in the back. Position vs. Time graph- Refer to attached data in the back. The graph results definitely support the hypothesis. This is because as the height of the toy gun was increased, the horizontal distance increased. withal, as the horizontal distance of the bullet increased, so did the time (vice- versa). The graphs were very similar due to the horizontal distance (cm) being invariable on the y- axis vertebra of the graph. In the Horizontal Distance vs. Time graph, the time represented the corresponding heights of the Horizontal Distance vs Height graph. Making the graphs very similar. Determining the Vi of the Bullet Vi = aav x ? t aav = -9. 81 m/s? ?t = 3. 19 seconds Vi = -9. 81 x 3. 19 Vi = 31. 3 m/s v *Therefore the initial velocity of the bullet is 31. 3 m/s v. abstractive Ranges of the BulletFormula- ? d = Vi x ? t Height (cm) Range/ Horizontal Displacement (cm) 25 ? d = 31. 3 x 2. 26 ? d = 70. 7 cm 50 ? d = 31. 3 x 3. 19 ? d = 99. 8 cm 75 ? d = 31. 3 x 3. 91 ? = 121 cm 100 ? d = 31. 3 x 4. 52 ? d = 142 cm Experimental portion Errors For each Range Formula- % error = (experimental value accepted vale) / (accepted value) (100%) Height Experimental Range Theoretical Range Percent Error 25 cm 70. 7 cm 70. 7 cm 0. 0% 50 cm 100 cm 99. 8 cm 0. 00 2% 75 cm 122 cm 121 cm 0. 00 8% 100 cm 141 dm 142 cm 0. 00 7% As it can be seen, there was a very little percent error between the actual and the theoretical range of the bullet from the gun. The theoretical and the experimental ranges were almost identical, and in few cases they wereSources of error The first source of error was the toy guns bullet were non perfectly a cylinder. Since the bullets we made out of plastic foam there some ripped edges. This would definitely give a slightly inaccurate result sine the bullet would not systematically travel in the same way as it is going in a parabolic path. This would cause some twisting and turning of the bullet since the rips would c ollect air and make the bullet therefore go along around (sort of like air pockets). The main problem with this is that the bullet is not consistently travelling in the exact same way.Another source of error was that since the gun was shot from a human beings hand it is really tough to keep the gun at the same angle (zero degrees) as it is shot. If the angle of the gun is not consistently shot at the same angle it will definitely impact the results because the horizontal distance (range) of the bullet will be different each time. If the gun has an angle pointing downward, the range will decrease. The bullet will be in the air for a smaller amount of time, masking piece slight ground. If the gun is pointing upward the range will increase.The bullet will be in the air for a longer period of time, covering more ground. There can be ways though to pose these sources of errors. For the first one where there were rips in the bullet, what one can do to fix the bullets is use show to c over up the holes. Or, a better solution would to buy new, fresh bullets where there are no bend, rips or chance of disfunction. To make sure that the bullets angle is constant after each shot, what one can do is use a stand to place the gun in. This would make sure that the gun is not pointing down or upward, giving very accurate data of the range. ConclusionAll projectiles travel in a parabolic path. Projectile motion is the motion of an object whos path is affected by the draw in of gravity. Everything is affected by gravity, but it profoundly alters the motion of objects that are thrown or shot upward. The bend of the bullet in this experiment is caused by gravity, as well as its falling motion in general. Gravity causes change in the vertical velocity of the projectile. Objects experiencing projectile motion have a constant velocity in the horizontal direction, and a constantly changing velocity in the vertical direction. Thus, this is make the parabolic shape.The actual pro jectiles results were really close to the theoretical results in this case. There were no outliers in the range. If the theoretical range and the actual range were not close it would be due to the tools used to measure the time and the distance. A metre stick was used to determine the horizontal range for the experiment. This is very inaccurate because the bullet dropped way to fast to see the actual landing spot. The landing spot was based on the eye. Also since a timer was used to determine the time of the bullets range this is again very inaccurate since the bullet dropped way to fast to use a stop watch.Overall, the results in this case were luckily extremely close and accurate having a maximum percent error of 0. 00 8%. The reasons for the experimental error was mainly due to the tools used to measure data and, the inconsistency of the angle of the gun. As stated earlier a metre stick was used to determine the horizontal range for the experiment. This is very inaccurate because the bullet dropped way to fast to see the actual landing spot. The landing spot was based on the eye. Since a timer was used to determine the time of the bullets range this is again very inaccurate since the bullet dropped way to fast to use a stop watch.Again as stated earlier, if the angle of the gun is not consistently shot at the same angle it will definitely impact the results because the horizontal distance (range) of the bullet will be different each time. If the gun has an angle pointing downward, the range will decrease. The bullet will be in the air for a smaller amount of time, covering less ground. If the gun is pointing upward the range will increase. The bullet will be in the air for a longer period of time, covering more ground.

Ode on the Death of a Favourite Cat Essay

The two rimes I am comparing Ode on the Death of a Favourite Cat by Thomas Gray and To a Mouse by Robert Burns were both written in the eighteenth century, which makes it interesting to make a comparison of their content, style and techniques, to see how poems of the eighteenth century differ from each other.both of the poems feature an animal as the main subject of the poem. In Grays poem he has a digest spew out as the main focus of the poem whilst Burns dedicates his poem to a field mouse. Both these animals come to an unfortunate end. The cat due to curiosity tumbled headlong into a tub of gold fishes This supports the well known phrase curiosity killed the cat In the poem it refers to the cat as actually loosing 9 livesEight eons emerging from the floodShe mewd to evry watry God.No wholeness arrives to save herNo Dolphin came, no Nereid stirrd Nor cruel Tom, nor Susan heared.The dolphin is included in the total of possible rescuers because it is a reference to the class ical legend of the harpist, Arion, being relieve by a dolphin which had been entranced by his music, practically in the same way the cat wanted to be saved by some one(a) who heard its meowing.In Burnss poem the mouse unlike the cat does not actually die, but it is made clear that the prospects for the mouse are bleak due to its house being destroyed by the plough and the fact winter is coming and the mouse has no time to build another home for itselfNow thous turnd out, for a thy trouble, further house or hald,To thole the Winters sleety dribble,Ancraneuch cauldThe poems are both basically close a particular ill-fated animal but each has a deeper meaning and inwardness done anthropomorphism.The cat in Grays poem is given feminine characteristics a fair troll face illustrates the ideal image of an eighteenth century womans face. Gray also uses metaphors to define the cat which also apply to a ladys jewels and adornmentsThe velvet of her paws,Her coat, that with the tortoise vies, Her ears of jet, and emerald eyes.In verse quatern the comparison of the cat to a woman is made even clearerShe stretchd in worthless to reach the prize.What female heart can gold despise?What cats averse to fish?It is clear here that Gray is illustrating how women are seduced by the desire for gold as cats are seduced by the desire for fish. The anthropomorphism continues in verses 5 and 7Presumptious maid andFrom hence you Beauties, undeceivdKnow one false step is neer retrieved.The last lines of the poem contain a moral non all that tempts your wandring eyesAnd heedless hearts, is lawful prizeNor all that glisters gold. finished the cat Gray created a cautionary tale specifically aimed at women. Its a type not to be tempted by what is not rightly theirs, and not to be seduced by glittering appearances because it may not be as good as it looks on the outside.Gray is very direct with his message of warning to women but he writes in a light-hearted way without. However, B urns poem is much more serious and sombre.He uses anthropomorphism like Gray to get his message across through an animal, in this case the mouse is used to highlight the social and moral problems that he felt existed in both the public and in his own family His father died after eighteen years of hard mesh as a farmer. After his fathers death they had little money, leaving them no picking but to sublease a farm in order to keep their home. These experiences were brought through in to his poem when the mouse had its home destroyed by the plough

Historiographic Metafiction Essay

The frontiers of a hold in ar never cook-cut beyond the title, the first lines, and the last full-stop, beyond its internal configuration and its self-reliant casting, it is caught up in a system of references to other books, other texts, other sentences it is a node indoors a net work out. -Foucault What we tend to gossip post agencyrnism in belles-lettres today is usually char act aserized by intense self-reflexivity and overtly parodic intertextuality. In manufacturing this mode that it is usually meta simile that is equated with the postmodern.Given the scarcity of precise definitions of this moot period designation, much(prenominal) an equation is often accepted without unbelief. What I would corresponding to argue is that, in the interests of precision and consistency, we must score something else to this definition an equally self-conscious dimension of story. My model here is postmodern architecture, that resolutely parodic re appointing of the history of architectural potpourris and functions. The theme of the 1980 Venice Biennale, which introduced postmodernism to the architectural globe, was The Presence of the historic. The term postmodernism, when customd in fiction, should, by analogy, best be dumb to suck fiction that is at once metafictional and historical in its echoes of the texts and contexts of the past. In order to distinguish this irrational beast from usanceal historical fiction, I would like to label it historiographic metafiction. The category of fresh I am thinking of includes wizard Hundred Years of Solitude, Rag time, The French Lieutenants Woman, and The Name of the Rose.All of these are popular and familiar novels whose metafictional self-reflexivity (and intertextuality) renders their implicit claims to historical veracity somewhat problematic, to say the least. 3 LINDA HUTCHEON In the excite of recent assaults by literary and philosophical theory on modernist formalist clo authentic, postmodern Am eri burn fiction, in p trickicular, has seek to open itself up to history, to what Edward Said (The World) calls the arena. precisely it seems to have found that it bum no longer do so in every innocent vogue the certainty of direct reference of the historical novel or stock-still the nonfictional novel is g atomic number 53. So is the certainty of self-reference implied in the Borgesian claim that some(prenominal) publications and the humans are equally fictive satisfyingities. The postmodern relationship amongst fiction and history is an even more complex one of interaction and mutual implication.Historiographic metafiction works to situate itself within historical colloquy without surrendering its autonomy as fiction. And it is a lovely of seriously ironic play that effects twain aims the intertexts of history and fiction take on parallel (though non equal) status in the parodic reworking of the textual past of twain the world and literature. The textual incorpo ration of these intertextual past(s) as a constitutive geomorphological element of postmodernist fiction functions as a formal marking of historicity-both literary and worldly-minded. At first glance it would appear that it is nevertheless its constant ironic signaling of difference at the very he blind of standardizedity that distinguishes postmodern mimicry from medieval and Renaissance imitation (see Greene 17). For Dante, as for E. L. Doctorow, the texts of literature and those of history are equally fair endorse. Nevertheless, a distinction should be made Traditionally, stories were stolen, as Chaucer stole his or they were felt to be the common attri besidese of a culture or comm concurrence These nonable happenings, imagined or real, lay outside language the carriage history itself is supposed to, in a condition of pure occurrence (Gass 147). Today, in that location is a throw to the idea of a common discursive property in the embedding of both literary and historica l texts in fiction, but it is a return made problematic by overtly metafictional assertions of both history and literature as human constructs, thus, as human illusions-necessary, but none the less illusory for all that.The intertextual parody of historiographic metafiction enacts, in a way, the views of certain contemporary historiographers (see Canary and Kozicki) it offers a sense of the presence of the past, but this is a past that can only be known from its texts, its traces-be they literary or historical. Cl first, then, what I want to call postmodernism is a paradoxical cultural phenomenon, and it is also one that operates across many traditional corrections.In contemporary theoretical discourse, for instance, we find puzzling contradictions those masterful denials of mastery, totalizing negations of totalization, continuous attest4 HISTORIOGRAPHIC METAFICTION ings of discontinuity. In the postmodern novel the conventions of both fiction and historiography are simultaneousl y used and abused, installed and subverted, asserted and denied. And the double (literary/historical) nature of this intertextual parody is one of the major means by which this paradoxical (and delimit) nature of postmodernism is textually inscribed.Perhaps one of the reasons why there has been such heated confer on the definition of postmodernism recently is that the implications of the doubleness of this parodic process have non been fully examined. Novels like The Book of Daniel or The Public Burning-whatever their complex intertextual layering-can certainly not be said to eschew history, any more than they can be said to ignore either their moorings in social reality (see Graff 209) or a clear political intent (see Eagleton 61).Historiographic metafiction manages to satisfy such a desire for worldly grounding while at the uniform time querying the very basis of the authority of that grounding. As David Lodge has put it, postmodernism short-circuits the gap between text and w orld (239-4 0 ) . Discussions of postmodernism seem more prone than close to confusing self-contradictions, over again mayhap because of the paradoxical nature of the subject itself. Charles upstartfoundman, for instance, in his provocative book The Post-Modern Aura, begins by defining postmodern art as a commentary on the aesthetic history of whatever genre it adopts (44).This would, then, be art which sees history only in aesthetic terms (57). merely, when postulating an American version of postmodernism, he abandons this metafictional intertextual definition to call American literature a literature without primary influences, a literature which lacks a known parenthood, wo(e) from the anxiety of non-influence (87). As we shall see, an examination of the novels of Toni Morrison, E. L. Doctorow, John Barth, pariah Reed, Thomas Pynchon, and others casts a reasonable doubt on such pronouncements.On the one hand, Newman wants to argue thatpostmodernism at large is resolutely par odic on the other, he asserts that the American postmodern deliberately puts distance between itself and its literary antecedents, an obligatory if occasionally conscience-stricken break with the past (172).Newman is not alone in his viewing of postmodern parody as a form of ironic bankrupt with the past (see Thiher 214), but, as in postmodernist architecture, there is constantly a paradox at the shopping center of that post irony does indeed mark the difference from the past, but the intertextual echoing simultaneously works to af family-textually and hermeneutically-the company with the past.When that past is the literary period we now seem to label as 5 LINDA HUTCHEON modernism, then what is both instated and then subverted is the impression of the work of art as a closed, self-sufficient, autonomous object deriving its unity from the formal interrelations of its segments. In its characteristic attempt to retain aesthetic autonomy while still returning(a) the text to the w orld, postmodernism both asserts and then undercuts this formalistic view.But this does not necessitate a return to the world of ordinary reality, as some have argued (Kern 216) the world in which the text situates itself is the world of discourse, the world of texts and intertexts. This world has direct links to the world of empirical reality, but it is not itself that empirical reality. It is a contemporary hypercritical truism that realism is sincerely a set of conventions, that the representation of the real is not the same as the real itself.What historiographic metafiction challenges is both any naive realist concept of representation and any equally naive textualist or formalist assertions of the total separation of art from the world. The postmodern is selfconsciously art within the archive (Foucault 92), and that archive is both historical and literary. In the light of the work of writers such as Carlos Fuentes, Salman Rushdie, D. M. Thomas,John Fowles, Umberto Eco, as w holesome as Robert Coover, E. L.Doctorow, John Barth, Joseph Heller, Ishmael Reed, and other American novelists, it is hard to see why critics such as Allen Thiher, for instance, can think of no such intertextual pess today as those of Dante in Virgil (189) Are we really in the midst of a crisis of trustingness in the possibility of historical culture (189)? Have we ever not been in such a crisis? To parody is not to destroy the past in fact, to parody is both to enshrine the past and to question it. And this is the postmodern paradox.The theoretical exploration of the vast dialogue (Calinescu, 169) between and among literatures and histories that configure postmodernism has, in bureau, been made manageable by Julia Kristevas early reworking of the Bakhtinian notions of polyphony, dialogism, and heteroglossia-the multiple voicings of a text. Out of these ideas she developed a more stringently formalist theory of the irreducible plurality of texts within and behind any given tex t, thereby deflecting the critical stress away from the notion of the subject (here, the author) to the idea of textual productivity.Kristeva and her colleagues at Tel Quel in the late sixties and early seventies mounted a collective attack on the founding subject (alias the romantic commonplace of the author) as the original and originating source of fixed and fetishized meaning in the text. And, of course, this also put into question the ideal notion of the text as an autonomous entity, with immanent meaning. 6 HISTORIOGRAPHIC METAFICTION In America a similar formalist impulse had provoked a similar attack much earlier in the form of the New Critical rejection of the intentional fallacy (Wimsatt).Nevertheless, it would seem that even though we can no longer conference comfortably of authors (and sources and influences), we still need a critical language in which to discuss those ironic allusions, those re-contextualized quotations, those double-edged parodies both of genre and of specific works that proliferate in modernist and postmodernist texts. This, of course, is where the concept of intertextuality has proved so useful.As later defined by Roland Barthes (Image 160) and Michael Riffaterre (142-43), intertextuality replaces the challenged authortext relationship with one between reader and text, one that situates the locale of textual meaning within the history of discourse itself. A literary work can actually no longer be considered original if it were, it could have no meaning for its reader. It is only as part of prior discourses that any text derives meaning and significance. Not surprisingly, this theoreticalredefining of aesthetic value has coincided with a smorgasbord in the kind of art being produced.Postmodernly parodic composer George Rochberg, in the liner notes to the nonesuch recording of his String quaternary no. 3 articulates this change in these terms I have had to abandon the notion of originality, in which the personal style of the artist and his ego are the supreme values the pursuit of the one-idea, uni-dimensional work and motion which seems to have dominated the esthetics of art in the aoth century and the received idea that it is necessary to come apart oneself from the past.In the visual arts alike, the works of Shusaku Arakawa, Larry Rivers, Tom Wesselman, and others have brought or so, by dint of parodic intertextuality (both aesthetic and historical), a real skewing of any romantic notions of subjectivity and creativity. As in historiographic metafiction, these other art forms parodically cite the intertexts of both the world and art and, in so doing, contest the boundaries that many would unquestioningly use to separate the two.In its most extreme formulation, the result of such contesting would be a break with every given context, engendering an infinity of new contexts in a manner which is absolutely illimitable (Derrida 185). While postmodernism, as I am defining it here, is perhaps somewh at less promiscuously extensive, the notion of parody as opening the text up, sooner than closing it down, is an important one among the many things that postmodern intertextuality challenges are both closure and single, centralized meaning.Its willed and wilful provisionality rests largely upon its acceptance of the inevitable textual infiltration of prior discursive 7 LINDA HUTCHEON practices. Typically contradictory, intertextuality in postmodern art both provides and undermines context. In Vincent B. Leitchs terms, it posits both an uncentered historical enclosure and an abysmal decentered foundation for language and textuality in so doing, it exposes all contextualizations as limited and limiting, arbitrary and confining, self-serving and authoritarian, theological and political.However paradoxically formulated,intertextuality offers a liberating determinism (162). It is perhaps clearer now why it has been claimed that to use the term intertextuality in criticism is not just t o avail oneself of a useful conceptual tool it also signals a prise de touch, un adept de reference(Angenot 122). But its usefulness as a theoreticalframework that is both hermeneutic and formalist is obvious in traffic with historiographic metafiction that demands of the reader not only the recognition of textualized traces of the literary and historical past but also the sensory faculty of what has been done-through irony-to those traces.The reader is forced to acknowledge not only the inevitable textuality of our knowledge of the past, but also both the value and the limitation of that inescapably discursive form of knowledge, situated as it is between presence and absence (Barilli). halo Calvinas Marco Polo in Invisible Cities both is and is not the historical Marco Polo. How can we, today, know the Italian explorer? We can only do so by way of texts-including his own (Il Milione) , from which Calvino parodically takes his frame tale, his spark plot, and his characterizati on (Musarra 141).Roland Barthes once defined the intertext as the impossibility of living outside the infinite text (Pleasure 36), thereby making intertextuality the very condition of textuality. Umberto Eco, piece of writing of his novel The Name of the Rose, claims 1 discovered what writers have always known (and have told us again and again) books always speak of other books, and every story tells a story that has already been told (20).The stories that The Name of the Rose retells are both those of literature (by Arthur Conan Doyle, Jorge Luis Borges, James Joyce, Thomas Mann, T.S. Eliot, among others) and those of history (medieval chronicles, religious testimonies).This is the parodically doubled discourse of postmodernist intertextuality. However, this is not just a doubly introverted form of aestheticism the theoretical implications of this kind of historiographic metafiction coincide with recent historiographic theory about the nature of history writing as narrativization (rather than representation) of the past and about the nature of the archive as the textualized remains of history (see White, The Question).8 HISTORIOGRAPHIC METAFICTION In other words, yes, postmodernism manifests a certain introversion, a self-conscious turning toward the form of the act of writing itself but it is also much more than that. It does not go so far as to establish an unmistakable literal relation with that real world beyond itself, as some have claimed (Kirernidjian 238). Its relationship to the worldly is still on the level of discourse, but to claim that is to claim quite a lot.After all, we can only know (as opposed to be intimate) the world through our narratives (past and present) of it, or so postmodernism argues. The present, as well as the past, is always already irremediably textualized for us (Belsey 46), and the overt intertextuality of historiographic metafiction serves as one of the textual signals of this postmodern realization. Readers of a novel li ke Kurt Vonneguts Slaughterhouse-Five do not have to proceed very far in the beginning picking up these signals.The author is identified on the title page as a fourth-generation German-American now living in easy circumstances on Cape Cod (and smoking too much), who, as an American infantry scout hors de combat, as a prisoner of war, witnessed the fire-bombing of Dresden, Germany, The Florence of the Elbe, a long time ago, and survived to tell the tale. This is a novel somewhat in the telegraphic schizophrenic manner of tales of the planet Tralfamadore, where the fly saucers come from. Peace. The character, Kurt Vonnegut, appears in the novel, trying to erase his memories of the war and of Dresden, the destruction of which he saw from Slaughterhouse-Five, where he worked as a POW. The novel itself opens with All this happened, more or less. The war parts, anyway, are pretty much unfeigned (7). Counterpointed to this historical context, however, is the (metafictionally marked) trun cheon Pilgrim, the optometrist who helps correct defective vision-including his own, though it takes the planet Tralfamadore to give him his new perspective.Billys fantasy life acts as an allegory of the authors own displacements and postponements (i. e. , his other novels) that prevented him from writing about Dresden before this, and it is the intratexts of the novel that signal this allegory Tralfamadore itself is from Vonneguts The Sirens of Titan, Billys home in Illium is from Player Piano, characters appear from Mother Night and God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater.The intertexts, however, function in similar ways, and their provenience is again double there are actual historical intertexts (documentaries on Dresden, etc.), mixed with those of historical fiction (Stephen Crane, Celine). But there are also structurally and thematically connected allusions to Hermann Hesses Journey to the East and to various works of science fiction.Popular 9 LINDA HUTCHEON and high-art intertexts ming le Valley of the Dolls meets the poems of William Blake and Theodore Roethke. All are fair game and all get re-contextualized in order to challenge the imperialistic (cultural and political) mentalities that bring about the Dresdens of history.Thomas Pynchons V. uses double intertexts in a similarly loaded fashion to formally enact the authors related theme of the entropic destructiveness of humanity. Stencils dossier, its fragments of the texts of history, is an amalgam of literary intertexts, as if to remind us that there is no one writable truth about history and experience, only a series of versions it always comes to us stencillized (Tanner 172). And it is always multiple, like Vs identity.Patricia Waugh notes that metafiction such as Slaughterhouse-Five or The Public Burning suggests not only that writing history is a fictional act, ranging events conceptually through language to form a world-model, but that history itself is invested, like fiction, with interrelating plots wh ich appear to interact independently of human design (48-49). Historiographic metafiction is particularly doubled, like this, in its inscribing of both historical and literary intertexts.Its specific and cosmopolitan recollections of the forms and contents of history writing work to familiarize the unfamiliar through (very familiar) narrative structures (as Hayden White has argued The Historical Text, 49-50), but its metafictional selfreflexivity works to render problematic any such familiarization. And the reason for the sameness is that both real and imagined worlds come to us through their accounts of them, that is, through their traces, their texts. The ontological line between historical past and literature is not ef posed (see Thiher 190), but underlined.The past really did exist, but we can only know that past today through its texts, and therein lies its connection to the literary. If the discipline of history has lost its privileged status as the purveyor of truth, then so much the better, according to this kind of modern historiographic theory the loss of the illusion of transparency in historical writing is a blackguard toward intellectual self-awareness that is matched by metafictions challenges to the presumed transparency of the language of realist texts.When its critics attack postmodernism for being what they see as ahistorical (as do Eagleton, Jameson, and Newman), what is being referred to as postrnodern suddenly becomes unclear, for surely historiographic metafiction, like postmodernist architecture and painting, is overtly and resolutely historical-though, admittedly, in an ironic and problematic way that acknowledges that history is not the transparent record of any sure truth. Instead, such fiction 10.HISTORIOGRAPHIC METAFICTION corroborates the views of philosophers of history such as Dominick LaCapra who argue that the past arrives in the form of texts and textualized remainders-memories, reports, print writings, archives, monuments , and so forth (128) and that these texts interact with one another in complex ways. This does not in any way deny the value of history-writing it merely redefines the conditions of value in somewhat less imperialistic terms.Lately, the tradition of narrative history with its concern for the short time span, for the individual and the event (Braudel 27), has been called into question by the Annales give lessons in France. But this particular model of narrative history was, of course, also that of the realist novel. Historiographic metafiction, therefore, represents a challenging of the (related) conventional forms of fiction and history through its acknowledgment of their inescapable textuality.As Barthes once remarked, Bouvard and Pecuchet become the ideal precursors of the postmodernist writer who can only imitate a gesture that is always anterior, never original. His only forefinger is to mix writings, to counter the ones with the others, in such a way as never to rest on any of them (Irnage 146). The formal linking of history and fiction through the common denominators of intertextuality and narrativity is usually offered not as a reduction, as a shrinking of thescope and value of fiction, but rather as an expansion of these.Or, if it is seen as a limitation-restricted to the always already narrated-this tends to be made into the primary value, as it is in Lyotards pagan vision, wherein no one ever manages to be the first to narrate anything, to be the origin of even her or his own narrative (78). Lyotard deliberately sets up this limitation as the opposite of what he calls the capitalist position of the writer as original creator, proprietor, and entrepreneur of her or his story.Much postmodern writing sells this implied ideologic limited review of the assumptions underlying romantic concepts of author and text, and it is parodic intertextuality that is the major vehicle of that critique. Perhaps because parody itself has potentially contradictory i deological implications (as authorized transgression, it can be seen as both conservative and revolutionary Hutcheon 69-83), it is a perfect mode of criticism for postmodernism, itself paradoxical in its conservative installing and then radical contesting of conventions.Historiographic metafictions, like Gabriel Garcia Marquezs One Hundred Years of Solitude, Gunter Grasss The Tin Drurn, or Salman Rushdies Midnights Children (which uses both of the agent as intertexts), employ parody not only to restore history and memory in the face of the distortions of the history of forgetting (Thiher 11 LINDA HUTCHEON 202), but also, at the same time, to put into question the authority of any act of writing by locating the discourses of both history and fiction within an ever-expanding intertextual network that mocks any notion of either single origin or simple causality.When linked with satire, as in the work of Vonnegut, V. Vampilov, Christa Wolf, or Coover, parody can certainly take on more precisely ideological dimensions. Here, too, however, there is no direct intervention in the world this is writing working through other writing, other textualizations of experience (Said Beginnings 237).In many cases intertextuality may well be too limited a term to describe this process interdiscursivity would perhaps be a more accurate term for the collective modes of discourse from which the postmodern parodically draws literature, visual arts, history, biography, theory, philosophy,psychoanalysis, sociology, and the list could go on.One of the effects of this discursive pluralizing is that the (perhaps illusory but once firm and single) center of both historical and fictive narrative is dispersed. Margins and edges gain new value. The ex-centric-as both off-center and de-centeredgets attention. That which is contrary is valorized in opposition both to elitist, alienated otherness and also to the uniformizing impulse of mass culture. And in American postmodernism, the different comes to be defined in particularizing terms such as those of nationality, ethnicity, gender, race, and sexual orientation.Intertextual parody of sanctioned classics is one mode of reappropriating and reformulating-with significant changes-the sovereign white, male, middle-class, European culture. It does not reject it, for it cannot. It signals its dependence by its use of the canon, but asserts its rebellion through ironic abuse of it.As Edward Said has been arguing recently ( goal), there is a relationship of mutual interdependence between the histories of the dominators and the dominated. American fiction since the sixties has been, as described by Malcolm Bradbury (186), particularly obsessed with its own pastliterary, social, and historical.Perhaps this preoccupation is (or was) tied in part to a need to fmd a particularly American voice within a culturally dominant Eurocentric tradition (Dhaen 216). The United States (like the rest of North and South America) is a land of i mmigration. In E. L. Doctorows words, We derive enormously, of course, from Europe, and thats part of what Ragtime is about the means by which we began literally, physically to lift European art and architecture and bring it over here (in Trenner 58).This is also part of what American historiographic metafiction in general is about. Critics have discussed at length the parodic 12 HISTORIOGRAPHIC METAFICTION intertexts of the work of Thomas Pynchon, including Conrads Heart ofDarkness (McHale 88) and Prousts first-person confessional form (Patteson 37-38) in V. In particular, The Crying of Lot 49 has been seen as directly linking the literary parody ofJacobean romp with the selectivity and subjectivity of what we deem historical fact (Bennett).Here the postmodern parody operates in much the same way as it did in the literature of the seventeenth century, and in both Pynchons novel and the plays he parodies (John Fords Tis Pity Shes a Whore, John Websters The White Devil and The Duch ess of Malfi, and Cyril Tourneurs The Revengers Tragedy, among others), the intertextual received discourse is firmly embedded in a social commentary about the loss of relevance of traditional values in contemporary life (Bennett).Just as hefty and even more outrageous, perhaps, is the parody of Charles Dickens A Christmas Carol in Ishmael Reeds The Terrible Twos, where political satire and parody meet to attack white Euro-centered ideologies of domination. Its structure of A Past Christmas and A future day Christmas prepares us for its initial Dickensian invocations-first through metaphor (Money is as unshakable as Scrooge 4) and then directly Ebenezer Scrooge towers above the Washington skyline, rubbing his hands and jealously peering over his spectacles (4).Scrooge is not a character, but a guiding spirit of 1980 America, one that attends the inauguration of the chair that year. The novel proceeds to update Dickens tale. However, the rich are still close and comfortable (Re gardless of how high inflation remains, the wealthy will have any kind of Christmas they desire, a spokesman for Neiman-Marcus announces 5) the execrable are not. This is the 1980 replay of Scrooges winter, as mean as ajunkyard dog (32).The Future Christmas takes place after monopoly capitalism has literally captured Christmas following a court decision which has granted easy lay rights to Santa Claus to one person and one company. One strand of the complex plot continues the Dickensian intertext the American president-a vacuous, alcoholic, ex-(male) model-is meliorate by a visit from St. Nicholas, who takes him on a trip through hell, playing Virgil to his Dante. There he meets past presidents and other politicians, whose punishments (as in the Inferno) conform to their crimes.Made a new man from this experience, the president spends Christmas daytime with his black butler, John, and JohnS crippled grandson. Though unnamed, this Tiny Tim ironically outsentimentalizes Dickens he has a leg amputated he is black his parents died in a car accident. In an attempt to save the nation, the president goes on televi13 LINDA HUTCHEON sian to announce The problems of American society will not go away by invoking Scroogelike attitudes against the poor or saying humbug to the old and to the underprivileged (158).But the final echoes of the Dickens intertext are lastly ironic the president is declared unfit to serve (because of his televised message) and is hospitalized by the business interests which really run the government. None of Dickens optimism remains in this bleak satiric vision of the future. Similarly, in Yellow Back radio set Broke-Down, Reed parodically inverts Dostoevskys Grand Inquisitor in order to subvert the authority of social, moral, and literary order.No work of the Western humanist tradition seems safe from postmodern intertextual citation and contestation today in Hellers God Knows even the sacred texts of the Bible are subject to both constit ution and demystification. It is significant that the intertexts ofJohn Barths LETTERS include not only the British eighteenth-century epistolary novel, Don Quixote, and other European works by H. G. Wells, Mann, and Joyce, but also texts by Henry David Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, Walt Whitman, and James Fenimore Cooper.The specifically American past is as much a part of defining difference for contemporary American postmodernism as is the European past. The same parodic mix of authority and transgression, use and abuse characterizes intra-American intertextuality. For instance, Pynchons V. and Morrisons Song of Solomon, in different ways, parody both the structures and theme of the recoverability of history in William Faulkners Absalom, Absalom.Similarly, Doctorows Lives of the Poets (1984) both installs and subverts Philip Roths My Life as a Man and Saul Bellows Herzog (Levine 80). The parodic references to the earlier, nineteenth-century or classic American lit erature are perhaps even more complex, however, since there is a long (and related) tradition of the interaction of fiction and history in, for example, Hawthornes use of the conventions of romance to connect the historical past and the writing present.And indeed Hawthornes fiction is a familiar postmodern intertext The Blithedale Romance and Barths The Floating Opera share the same moral preoccupation with the consequences of writers taking aesthetic distance from life, but it is the difference in their structural forms (Barths novel is more self-consciously metafictional Christensen 12) that points the reader to the real irony of the conjunction of the ethical issue. The introductory texts of the American tradition are both undermined and yet drawn upon, for parody is the paradoxical postmodern way of coming to terms with the past.